SQLite CROSS JOIN Clause

Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use SQLite CROSS JOIN to combine two or more result sets from multiple tables.

Introduction to SQLite CROSS JOIN clause

If you use a LEFT JOIN, INNER JOIN, or CROSS JOIN without the ON or USING clause, SQLite produces a cartesian product of the involved tables. The number of rows in the cartesian product is the product of the number of rows in each table.

Suppose, we have two tables A and B. The following statements perform the cross join and produce a cartesian product of the rows from the A and B tables.

SELECT *
FROM A JOIN B;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SELECT *
FROM A
INNER JOIN B;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SELECT *
FROM A
CROSS JOIN B;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SELECT * 
FROM A, B;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Suppose, the A table has n rows and B table has m rows, the CROSS JOIN of these two tables will produce a result set that includes nxm rows.

Imagine that if you have the third table C with k rows, the result of the CROSS JOIN clause of these three tables will contain nxmxk rows, which may be very huge. Therefore, you should be very careful when using the CROSS JOIN clause.

You use the INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN clauses more often than the CROSS JOIN clause. However, you will find the CROSS JOIN clause very useful in some cases.

For example, when you want to have a matrix that has two dimensions filled with data like members and date data in a membership database. You want to check the member attendance for all relevant dates. In this case, you may use the CROSS JOIN clause as the following statement:

SELECT
  name,
  date
FROM
  members
  CROSS JOIN dates;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SQLite CROSS JOIN clause example

The following statements create the ranks and suits tables that store the ranks and suits for a deck of cards and insert data into these two tables.

CREATE TABLE
  ranks (RANK TEXT NOT NULL);
CREATE TABLE
  suits (suit TEXT NOT NULL);
INSERT INTO
  ranks (RANK)
VALUES
  ('2'),
  ('3'),
  ('4'),
  ('5'),
  ('6'),
  ('7'),
  ('8'),
  ('9'),
  ('10'),
  ('J'),
  ('Q'),
  ('K'),
  ('A');
INSERT INTO
  suits (suit)
VALUES
  ('Clubs'),
  ('Diamonds'),
  ('Hearts'),
  ('Spades');Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

The following statement uses the CROSS JOIN clause to return a complete deck of cards data:

SELECT
  RANK,
  suit
FROM
  ranks
  CROSS JOIN suits
ORDER BY
  suit;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Summary

• Use the CROSS JOIN clause to produce a Cartesian product of two tables.