Addendum to the following blog post: After writing the following piece in my imaginal effort to understand what might be going on in the mind of a colonial/settler woman of 1621, I realized I needed to add something from a larger perspective. I understand that the English colonial mindset of the period held an unexamined belief that lands that weren’t occupied by Europeans or English (white people) were free for the taking. Along with the religious beliefs of the Pilgrims about manifest destiny they undoubtedly felt the “wilderness” of the new world was theirs by God’s calling. And this Wilderness they found themselves in was a place to be feared, dominated, tamed or destroyed. Truth is the Wampanoag people had lived in that land of eastern Massachusetts for 12,000 years. They had 67 villages with a possible population of 40,000. They had encountered European colonists in the years before the Mayflower arrived and some had been taken into slavery. Already they had lost whole villages due to diseases brought on thru contact with European ships. Even so, Tisquantum, a Patuxet Wampanoag who had been enslaved, taken to England, had learned English, greeted the Pilgrims in friendship. They are truly responsible for saving the colonists lives in those first few years of settlement. In the spring of 1621 the Plymouth colony and the Wampanoag formed a treaty of peace that lasted almost 50 years until King Philips War when conflicts erupted between the natives and the colonists due to the colonists betraying the treaty. As battles raged across New England, by 1676 most of the Wampanoags and their Narragansett allies were wiped out. This is the history that has been left out of the Pilgrim myth as its come down to us. I want to honor the friendship of the native people’s that saved my ancestors’ lives, as well as the Day of Mourning our Indigenous People call Thanksgiving today.
Mary Wentworth Brewster was the wife of separatist William Brewster, Elder and spiritual pastor of the Mayflower pilgrims, and advisor to William Bradford the first governor of Plymouth Colony. Mary was considered the matriarch of the Mayflower. A year after arriving at Plymouth, Mary was one of 4 women left alive in 1621 who cooked the harvest feast that we think of as the first Thanksgiving. Little is known of Mary, even her maiden name is in doubt. Like all women of the time, Mary’s voice has been left out of the history. She had five children: Jonathan, Patience, Faith, Love and Wrestling. Wondering what a woman’s life was like that first year in a strange and difficult land, this is my imagined letter Mary might have written to a sister. Mary was my 10th great grandmother.
November, 1621, Plymouth Colony
My dear dear sister, darling Mags,
How grateful I am to finally have enough time and paper and ink to write a real letter. We have come thru the harvest finally which was plentiful and for which all our bellies are in profound gratitude to our gracious God for providing here in this promised land.
Oh, Mags, how can I tell you what a year its been. So many of us died in the last dreadful winter but I told you all that in my last letter when the Mayflower sailed home in April. It left us all weakened and so short handed, only four of us women alive to speak of it today. Oh sister, the disease and hunger was terrible, no place for a proper burial the ground so frozen and no time to grieve. We carry the loss daily. But I won’t complain as I must keep my heart joyful in the Lord and keep the spirits up for all. We have welcomed a new life into our little colony and celebrated two weddings. Goodwife Susanna who birthed a child on board ship and then lost her dear husband to disease has wed Edward Winslow. And our precious Pricilla who lost her parents, married John Alden of the ship’s crew who has stayed on with us and are becoming true Saints*. What romance that was. My William works overtime guarding the virtue of these young girls who have lost their parents. I spend much time with them keeping them busy with Christian women’s crafts and guarding them from the savages. Not to mention our own young men. Keeping body and soul together takes every minute of the day.
The men finished the Long House in the spring so we could move off the ship onto the land. I am enormously grateful for this. I thought we might all die at sea anchored in the harbor. That boat was full of pestilence and I was glad to see it sail away tho it meant we had no escape. What emotions rose up in my breast as I watched the ship sail over the horizon. A few of the wood cottages have been finished enough for us to move into. The pine torches the Indians taught us to make have lit two of them afire but we are learning to be careful. Now that the harvest is done the men will have more time to build. A roof of good rush thatch and a warm hearth fire is more blessing than I could ever imagine living in that comfortable Manor house in Scrooby. I can’t tell you how I miss the markets of Leiden with their fresh meats and cheeses.
You can’t imagine my joy when our darling Jonathan arrived last week on The Fortune. We received thirty-five sick and hungry passengers after a terrible crossing that nearly did them in. Its cost us more food and what strength we have to tend them and barely enough beds as it is, but still we welcome them gladly.
I can’t tell you how proud I am of my William. He preaches beautifully and fiercely as always and has nurtured our young Will Bradford – you remember the orphan boy we took in back in Scrooby? – he is turning into a real leader. He’s a thougtful, faithful and disciplined man, and the people like him. All of this a relief to William who has enough on his hands keeping us all on the straight path of the Lord. He was done a wonderful work with the Indians a few of whom have become real friends to us. Especially one we call Squanto who actually has been to London and speaks some English. We’ve heard dreadful stories of English sailers enslaving them. He has taught the men how to hunt the local deer and fish and plant a crop called maize that we plant with ash and fish and grind into flour for a kind of bread. It has saved our lives. It seems many of his people have died of disease in the last few years brought by ships from France and Spain, and they are embroiled in squabbles with other tribes. Its so strange to actually sit with one of these wild people with their painted bodies.and hear they have thoughts and griefs just as we do. They have wonderful laughter and some kind of belief in gods of some sort but not our Jesus which is a great sorrow to us. Truly these people have saved us.
I have to tell you one of the great gifts God has brought us is a woman who I think is Squanto’s wife, if they have marriages like we do. She has been so kind and generous tho we can’t understand a word. She has led me to know the local herbs for seasoning and healing which have been a tremendous help in tending wounds. She has taught me to cook the great wild turkeys that roam freely here. Tomorrow she is coming to help me make a pair of boots from deer hide. And stitch a beaver’s fur onto my jacket. You can’t imagine the winters they have here, and the snow! None of us came with the garments needed to stay warm in it. Thank you so much for the woolen cloth you sent over with Jonathan. It will make new coats for the four of us and new britches for Wrestling who has outgrown everything he came with.
Really, its a revelation to live here in this dreadful wilderness. The forest goes on forever and is full of dangerous animals and unknown savages, and to find it can provide all we need to survive; and the people, if I can call them that, are more like us than I every dreamed. Will keeps referring to them as savages but I think they are more civilized in some strange way. God knows they need the Gospel and we teach them when we can. We are here to worship our God in freedom and simplicity and let others do the same.
We had a wonderful harvest feast a fortnight ago. There were crowds of people. Someone said one hundred and seventy partook and shared food. Fifty-five of us from the Mayflower and the rest from the Wampanoag, Squanto’s people. The women and girls and I all cooked for days over open fires and we knelt in prayers of thanksgiving together as we have lived to see another year. We cooked up yams, squash and beans, wild turkey, venison, lobsters and shrimp from the bay and eel from the near by river. With platters of corn bread sweetened with a syrup Squanto brought they make from tree sap. The tables groaned with wild grapes, luscious red cranberries and other things you’ve never heard of that we’re learning to eat. It was exhausting and glorious and we sang the harvest hymns and were filled with hope for the prospect of this fragile Plymouth Colony. Such plenitude. We are blessed with a sufficient supply of maize and beans for winter.
You must know the Strangers among us have been a task to faith, I’ll tell you. One boy nearly burned down the ship and his parents are a constant strain on William’s patience. That woman is less than useless most of the time. Even some from the Saints are slipping in their faith and will go home as soon as possible. I just pray we survive in this great task for Him who holds us in His hands!
Please, dear Mags know the depth of my gratitude for your care of my girls. I miss Faith and Patience more than you can know and pray they find passage here next year. When we’ve made it thru another winter, I think I’ll feel confident having them come. I’m an old woman now, all of 52, the eldest woman here, and I don’t imagine I have many seasons to hold grandchildren should the Lord bless us. Its a spare and difficult life here and we need the young. Please hug them for me and I know you will continue to guide them in virtue and the arts of a good Christian wife. Our boys sustain us. Love is all grown now and hunts with a bow and arrow like a savage. Wrestling is nearly grown and he worked all summer clearing these God forsaken fields of stones. And now Jonathan is here.
Now I must finish tho writing brings me close to you who I long to see with all my heart. Please give your dear husband my warmest greeting and your fine children. I’m enclosing a list of things I’ll need when the next ship comes in the spring. Darling one, I don’t know what you have left of the funds we left you. I’ll repay you when I can.
Please forgive me but I have to tell you I weep sometimes for the warmth of home. sometimes my hands are raw from washing and digging and I want nothing more than a good bath. Sometimes the smell of death wakes me up at night or children weeping. All these men need our help with their meals and house tending and only 4 of us now to serve them all, sometimes we’re treated like slaves, God save us. The young orphans are a wild bunch and full of night terrors.. And the girls who are coming into their monthlies need our guidance in the ways of women. We are weary to the bone all the time. Of course I can’t tell William, but sometimes, I confess, I rail at Heaven and wonder where our God has gone and how much more He will ask of us. And then the joy of bringing a new babe into the world full voiced breaks my heart with joy. The nights are dark, silent, spread with stars, full of nameless howls from the wilderness.. Everything is pared down and simple now. Everyday we wake up to do what must be done to survive and to pray to our Father who is in Heaven who has called us here and given us this land. We had our first snow yesterday. May the weather be kind, Oh Lord.
with God’s merciful blessing always,
your faithful sister,
Mary
List of Necessities
50 yards fine spun linen
as much thread as you can find and needles
12 lace collars
60 skeins of good yarn and needles for knitting
a few colorful ribbons for the girls, God knows they need something pretty
10 pair men’s good leather shoes – medium size
3 sheep if you can get them on board with hay
12 chickens and grain to feed them on the voyage
The men beg for muskets and shot to trade with the Indians
and if you can, send tulip bulbs. I need flowers in the spring
more paper and ink
Note: from the diaries kept by William Bradford known as Of Plymouth Plantation, we learn that on its return voyage The Fortune was overtaken by a French man-of-war and among the things the captain stole were the letters sent from the colony. We can only assume that Mary’s letter never reached her sister.
*The people of the Mayflower were in three groups: Those known as Saints, the Pilgrims of the radical separatist sect who had rejected the Church of England, who felt called to create a free worshipping congregation based on the teachings of Calvin; and those known as Strangers, who were not of the sect but settlers who came to help build the colony for their own opportunities; and the Crew. 132 souls in all. By November of 1621 only 55 remained alive.