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Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

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California Institute of Technology

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Microwave Limb Sounder

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Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiments measure naturally-occurring microwave thermal emission from the limb (edge) of Earth's atmosphere to remotely sense vertical profiles of atmospheric gases, temperature, pressure, and cloud ice. The overall objective of these experiments is to provide information that will help improve our understanding of Earth's atmosphere and global change.

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UPDATED - MLS "190 GHz" Observations Status

The MLS science team plans to "duty cycle" the 190-GHz observations (specifically of H2O, N2O, HCN, and upper stratospheric HNO3) to conserve remaining life for these measurements. The plan going forward is to reactivate the MLS 190-GHz subsystem for around six days each calendar month (plus a partial day for turn on and another for shutdown). As noted previously, depending on how the aging of the 190-GHz receiver progresses, we may lengthen or shorten each activation period by one or two days, but our aim will be to always have these measurements active around the middle of each calendar month. Substantial changes to this plan will be noted in future announcements.

The first of the reactivation periods (May 13-20, 2024) proceeded without issue, and we are on track to reactivate again on June 11, 2024, per the current duty cycle schedule.

In addition to H2O, N2O, HCN, and, for pressures less than 20 hPa, HNO3, which are not measured when the 190-GHz system is off, the MLS cloud products (Ice Water Content, IWC, and Ice Water Path, IWP) are also impacted and should not be used. Unfortunately, the effects on the IWC and IWP products are not properly flagged in the Level 2 data files, an issue that will be addressed in future versions of the MLS dataset.

Finally, note that MLS observations of other species (e.g., O3, HCl, ClO, CO, etc.) are unaffected by this issue.

Recent Publications

Zhang, J., Y. Orsolini, and K. Sato, "Modulation of the Semi-Annual Oscillation by Stratospheric Sudden Warmings as Seen in the High-Altitude JAWARA Re-analyses," Atmosphere 16, 12, 1320, doi:10.3390/atmos16121320, 2025.
, C., M. Kohl, and J. Lelieveld, "Radiative forcing and stratospheric ozone changes due to major forest fires and recent volcanic eruptions including Hunga Tonga," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 25, 24, 18697-18718, doi:10.5194/acp-25-18697-2025, 2025.
Konopka, P., F. Ploeger, F. D'Amato, T. Campos, M. von Hobe, S. Honomichl, P. Hoor, L. Pan, M. Santee, S. Viciani, K. Walker, and M. Hegglin, "Isentropic mixing vs. convection in CLaMS-3.0/MESSy: evaluation using satellite climatologies and in situ carbon monoxide observations," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 25, 23, 17973-17996, doi:10.5194/acp-25-17973-2025, 2025.
Nicknish, P., K. Stone, S. Solomon, and S. Carn, "Quantifying the decay timescale of volcanic sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 25, 18, 11535-11555, doi:10.5194/acp-25-11535-2025, 2025.
Anjali, S., and J. Kuttippurath, "Tracing the signatures of ozone recovery in the Arctic ozone," Scientific Reports 15, 1, doi:10.1038/s41598-025-19373-0, 2025.

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