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Recent additions, changes and updates to Don's Maps
- Abel Tasman Track in New Zealand
- Aboriginal Art of the Kimberleys
- Aboriginal art on the Northern Tablelands of NSW
- Aborigines of Australia
- Abri Pataud Tools
- Abri de Raymonden
- Accessing the Wendel collection of photographs
- Access to Mihi Gorge and to Salisbury Waters below the junction with Mihi Creek
- Achenheim - a middle palaeolithic site on loess
- Acheulian and Saint Acheul
- Adorant - Worshipper
- Afontova Gora
- Altamira Cave Paintings
- Amelana's Cave - Third Cave of the Zelandonii That Watches Over the Most Ancient Sacred Site
- Ancient Egyptian Culture, Mummies, Statues, Burial Practices and Artefacts 7
- Ancient Egyptian culture during the 18th Dynasty
- Ancient Egyptian culture from the 11th Dynasty to the end of the 17th Dynasty
- Ancient Egyptian culture from the 19th Dynasty to the end of the 20th Dynasty
- Ancient Mesopotamia
- Animals of Mungo
- Apsley and Green Gully Creek
- Archaeological Sites on the Don River
- Archeology for Jean Auel fans
- Artefacts of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest
- Atapuerca
- Atlatls, Spear Throwers, and Woomeras
- Aurignacian - La Grotte d'Aurignac
- Australia's settlement by the Aborigines
- Australopithecus aethiopicus
- Australopithecus africanus
- Australopithecus robustus - Paranthropus robustus
- Australopithecus sediba
- Avdeevo - Tools from the stone age
- Avdeevo - a Paleolithic site with strong links to Kostenki
- Axe Quarry
- Babylon and the Ishtar Gate
- Badegoule
- Baguettes demi-rondes
- Baile Herculane
- Bara Bahau Cave - La Grotte de Bara Bahau - Ice Age Cave Art
- Batavia - the journey, the shipwreck and the massacre
- Batavia - the ship
- Battle of Megiddo - Ancient Egyptian culture
- Baume-Latrone
- Beach Walking in Australia
- Bear and cavebear in fact, myth and legend
- Bedeilhac Cave - Grotte de Bedeilhac
- Berekhat Ram Venus
- Bernifal Cave - Grotte de Bernifal
- Bird Feather Cloak of Captain James Cook
- Birdstones of North America
- Blombos Cave
- Bohunician in Moravia
- Bornholm rock engravings
- Boundary Creek to Grassy Creek - World Heritage Walk
- Brady Creek and the nearby galleries - an Aboriginal Rock Art site in Northern Queensland
- Brassempouy Venus - Ayla from the EC series
- Breitenbach Venus
- British Mousterian and earlier tools and sites
- Brno Burial of a Shaman
- Bronze Age Sky Disc
- Brown Ivory Figurine, or Abrachiale, a venus of fossilised ivory from Balzi Rossi
- Building a Kayak
- Building good looking stone walls
- Burial Mounds in Denmark
- Bushwalking, Hiking and Tramping in New Zealand
- Bushwalking in Australia
- Bust, one of the Grimaldi Venuses
- Buxu Cave, Cueva del Buxu, Spain
- Bâtons Percés
- Canoe designs of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest
- Canoes of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest
- Carnarvon Gorge, in the spectacular and rugged ranges of Queensland's central highlands
- Carnarvon Gorge - an Aboriginal Rock Stencil Art site, with engravings of vulvas, emu and kangaroo tracks
- Carte de la vallée des chevaux
- Carte des Sharamudoi
- Cartes dessinées à l’ordinateur
- Cassegros Tools
- Casserole (archaeological site)Tools
- Castel-Merle - Vallon des Roches
- Causes of the end of the last Ice Age
- Cave Lion
- Cave Paintings - Location Maps and Themes
- Caverne du Clan de l'Ours
- Caves and Rock Art Sites - Visits
- Caves and Rock Shelters on the North coast of Spain
- Caves and Rock Shelters with Wall Paintings and Engravings
- Caves of the Cantabria region, northern Spain
- Cedar Bentwood Chests of the First Nations of the Pacific North West
- Central European Sites
- Chandler River - Bushwalking and Hiking
- Chandler River - Lower reaches, bushwalking and hiking
- Chapelle-aux-Saints - the Neanderthal / Neandertal skeleton
- Chauvet Cave
- Chiozza Venus from Italy
- Châtelperronian Sites
- Clan Cave - Shanidar Cave in Iraq
- Clan of the Cave Bear Local map
- Clan of the Cave Bear Travel Map - English
- Clan of the Cave Bear Travel Map - French
- Clickable map of the Shelters of Stone area in the Land of Painted Caves, Vezere Valley
- Clothing, Masks and Weaving of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest
- Coa Valley
- Columbian Mammoths and Bison Petroglyphs from Utah
- Combarelles - Les Combarelles in the Dordogne
- Combe-Capelle, a Neanderthal site in Southern France
- Combe-Capelle Tools
- Combe Grenal - a Neanderthal site in the Dordogne valley, France
- Combe Grenal Tools
- Combe Saunière
- Cooking Clan Style
- Coptic and Islamic textiles and other art works from Egypt and neighbouring areas
- Corbiac Tools
- Cougnac Caves - Grottes de Cougnac
- Crimean Peninsula - Sudak, the Clan fishing site
- Cro-Magnon Shelter
- Cueva Covalanas in Cantabria, Spain
- Cueva de El Mirón in Cantabria, Spain
- Cueva del Pindal
- Cuina Turcului - a rock shelter in the Iron Gates gorges of the Danube
- Cussac Cave - Grotte de Cussac
- Cyclades Art
- Cycling down the Danube
- Cycling from Amsterdam to Copenhagen
- Dangars Falls and Salisbury Waters
- Dangars Gorge
- Danube Journey from the delta to the source
- Decorative objects from the Stone Age
- De l'embouchure du Danube à première neige d'après le Grand Voyage
- De la première neige aux mammouths d'après le Grand Voyage
- Denisova
- Deux-Ouvertures Grotte, Ardeche
- Development of art in humans
- Did Megafauna die from hunting or climate change?
- Dinosaurs and other ancient animals
- Discs from the Stone Age
- Dolni Vestonice Home Page
- Dolni Vestonice Jewellery, Pottery, Tools and other artifacts
- Dolni Vestonice Venus figures
- Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov burials, including the triple burial
- Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov sites
- Dolni Vestonice and the Three Sisters - photographs of the area
- Don River south and north of Kostenki
- Dordogne - Photographs of the area
- Dots and Lines in Palaeolithic Cave Paintings
- Double Venus
- Drawing maps on the computer
- Earth's Children Inconsistencies
- Egypt2
- Egyptian Mummies, Statues, Burial Practices and Artefacts index
- El Castillo Cave
- Faurelie Tools
- Ferrassie Tools
- First Nations of the Pacific Northwest - Totem Poles
- Flageolet Tools
- Font de Gaume - Cave Paintings from the Ice Ages
- Footwear from the Stone Age
- Forgeries, Hoaxes and Curiosities
- Fort de Tayac (Roc de Tayac) - a refuge from war during the Middle Ages
- Fossilised Human Footprints in Australia
- Fourneau du Diable
- Frasassi Venus
- From the Mountains to the Sea - Point Lookout, Grass Tree Ridge and the Bellinger River
- Fumane Cave Neanderthal painted shell
- Gagarino Venus Figures
- Game of 30
- Gargas - Cave Art of the Grotte de Gargas
- Gaura Chindiei - a limestone cave at the first Iron Gate of the Danube
- Genyornis, an extinct giant bird from the Australian Ice Age
- Geology for EC fans
- Giovanni Caselli
- Golden Thread - formerly used as a herbal contraceptive and abortifacient
- Golubac - a fortified medieval town on the Danube
- Gonnersdorf and Andernach - Martinsberg
- Gontsy mammoth bone hut site
- Grassy Creek to Mulligans Hut - World Heritage Walk
- Grotte-abri de La Magdeleine des Albis
- Grotte Mandrin - first Homo sapiens in Europe?
- Grotte Vaufrey
- Grotte d'Enlène
- Grotte de Commarque
- Grotte de Gabillou, Grotte de Las Agnelas
- Grotte de Pair-non-Pair
- Grotte de Queylou
- Grotte de la Foret
- Grotte de la Marche
- Grotte de la Mouthe - a decorated cave from the Upper Paleolithic
- Grotte de la Vache in the Pyrenees was home for the artists of Niaux Cave
- Grotte de la Vache near Niaux - A scientific paper on its fauna and occupation by humans during the ice age
- Grotte des Eyzies / Grotte Richard
- Grotte des Trois-Frères
- Grotte du Grand Roc
- Grottes du Pape, Brassempouy
- Grub-Kranawetberg Gravettian site
- Gruta da Aroeira - Homo heidelbergensis
- Guardian Place, Yam Camp, Shepherd Creek Secret Place, and Emu Dreaming Galleries - Aboriginal Rock Art sites in Northern Queensland
- Gudenushöhle in Lower Austria
- Hajducka Vodenica - a Mesolithic Iron Gates site
- Hamburgian site in the Netherlands - Perdeck Collection
- Harpoons from the Paleolithic
- Heaphy Track in New Zealand
- Heat Treatment of microcrystalline quartz
- Heidenschmiede
- Hermaphrodite Venus from Balzi Rossi
- History and Development of Stone Tools
- History of the Earth from the Precambrian to the Cretaceous
- Hitchcock Family History
- Hominid overview
- Hominids and hominins
- Hominid sites in Africa and nearby regions
- Hominid sites in Europe and nearby regions
- Homo Erectus - Homo Sapiens skull found in China
- Homo Habilis
- Homo Naledi
- Homo Rudolfensis
- Homo erectus, Java Man, Engraving on a shell
- Homo erectus - Homo ergaster
- Homo erectus - the Dmanisi Site
- Homo floresiensis - ancestor discovered
- Homo floresiensis - the most recent living human relative
- Homo heidelbergensis
- Homo luzonensis
- Ice Age Animals
- Ice Age Animals, Plants, People and Geology
- Ice Age Babies from the Krems-Wachtberg site
- Ice Age Hunters in Northern Europe
- Ice Age Maps showing the extent of the ice sheets
- Ice Age hunters become farmers: Schleswig-Holstein on the way to the Neolithic
- Index of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest Coast
- Iron Gates - Location of the Sharamudoi
- Iron Gates Animals
- Iron Gates of the Danube - Per's Photos
- Isturitz, Oxocelhaya and Erberua Caves, where many prehistoric flutes were found
- Isturitz Tools
- Jean Auel - Interviews and memories
- Jebel Irhoud Homo sapiens
- Jerimalai Cave in East Timor
- Kapova Cave
- Kebara Cave, a Middle Paleolithic Aurignacian and Mousterian site
- Kimberley Points - superbly made tools from the north of Australia
- Kostenki - Borshevo, Костенки - Борщево region on the Don River, Russia
- Krasnii lar / Krasnyy Yar Venus
- Kulna Cave Neanderthal site
- L'Abri Poisson and La Gorge d'Enfer
- L'Abri du Cap Blanc - a frieze of prehistoric sculptures
- L'abri du Renne de Belcayre in the Dordogne
- La Cotte de St Brelade, Jersey
- La Ferrassie - Neanderthal rock shelter
- La Gravette, the type site for the Gravettian
- La Grotte de Jolias - a Magdalenian site at Prignac-et-Marcamps, France
- La Grotte du Sorcier - la Grotte du Roc Saint-Cirq
- La Madeleine - a rock shelter in the Dordogne with exquisite art objects from the Magdalenian
- La MadeleineTools
- La Micoque - a Neanderthal site in the Dordogne dating from 400 000 BP to 130 000 BP
- La Micoque Tools
- La Quina - a Neanderthal site with thick asymmetric tools
- Lagar Velho - the Hybrid Child from Portugal
- Lake Mungo is the site of the oldest human remains in Australia
- Lalinde / Gönnersdorf Figurines and Engravings
- La rencontre avec les S'Armunaï
- Lascaux Cave - Grotte de Lascaux
- Lascaux Cave - Rope artefact
- Laugerie Basse
- Laugerie Haute
- Laugerie Haute Tools
- Laura River bed, near the Bridge - an Aboriginal Rock Art site in Northern Queensland
- Laura Rock Art
- Laura Rock Art - Wallaroo Gallery
- Le Morin
- Le Moustier - a Neanderthal site in the Dordogne, France
- Le Moustier Tools
- Le Piage
- Le Regourdou - one of the most important Neanderthal sites in France
- Le Ruth and Le Cellier in the Dordogne
- Lene Hara Cave in East Timor
- Lepenski Vir - a Mesolithic site on the Iron Gates Gorge of the Danube
- Les Jamblancs
- Les chasseurs de mammouths
- Lespugue Venus is a 25 000 years old ivory figurine of a nude female figure
- Lightest alcohol stove for hiking - and the easiest to make!
- Lightweight Bushwalking / Hiking Gear which you can make yourself
- Lightweight Tents
- Lightweight and Warm Sleeping Bags and Quilts
- Line drawings - using Photoshop to clean up photographs of line drawings
- Lion Man from Ulm
- Liujiang cranium, more than 40 000 years old, of a modern Homo sapiens
- Lonetal Sites, including Aurignacian sites in the Swabian Alb near the city of Ulm
- Longbow replica
- Lucy's baby
- Lucy, Australopithecus afarensis
- Makapansgat pebble
- Making Fire
- Making Flint Tools
- Mal'ta - Buret' venuses and culture in Siberia
- Mammoth Hunters Local Map
- Mammoths, Elephants and the Wooly Rhinoceros
- Mamontovaya Kurya - human occupation nearly 40 000 years ago in the Russian Arctic
- Manis Mastodon
- Maori Forts - Pa
- Map of Ayla's travels from the Clan Cave to the Zelandonii on one page, Books 1 to 5
- Map of Land of Painted Caves by Jean M. Auel - Journeys
- Map of Sharamudoi Local Area for EC fans
- Map of Zelandonii Extended Area from Land of Painted Caves
- Map of the Iron Gates for Archeology students and teachers
- Map of the Iron Gates for Jean M. Auel Fans
- Map of the Valley of Horses - Local Map for EC fans
- Map of the Vezere Valley for Archeology Teachers and Students
- Map of the Wurm and Riss Glaciation
- Map of the Zelandonii Territory Local Area for EC fans, books 5 and 6
- Maps of the Iron Gates - the Journeys to the Sharamudoi for EC fans and the Iron Gates for students and teachers of Archeology
- Marsoulas - La Grotte de Marsoulas, ice age art
- Mas d'Azil Cave - La Grotte du Mas d'Azil
- Mask, or the Face, or the Figure, from Balzi Rossi
- Mastodons and related early elephants
- Meadowcroft Rockshelter, a pre-Clovis site
- Mesolithic sites in northern Europe
- Mezhyrich / Межиріч - Mammoth Camp
- Mihi Gorge
- Milovice
- Minnie Water to Diggers Camp Beach Walk
- Mizyn, Мізин - Wolf Camp
- Mladecske Caves and other early Palaeolithic sites in the Czech Republic
- Moli del Salt - first depiction of Palaeolithic dwellings
- Monte Buciero Rock Shelters - on the Cantabrian coast, Spain
- Moravany Venus
- Mortuary Poles and Graves of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest
- Moscerini
- Moulin du Roc Tools
- Mount Kaputar, NSW
- Mount Kosciuszko in the Snowy Mountains of Australia
- Mousterian (Neanderthal) Sites
- Mousterian of Eastern Europe
- Mt Grattai and Gins Mountain
- Mt Yarrowyck
- Mtoto - child burial in East Africa of Homo sapiens
- Mulligans Hut World Heritage Walk, Gibraltar Range - Washpool National Park
- Mulligans Hut to Boundary Creek - World Heritage Walk
- Mungo - Recent Bones
- Mungo - Walls of China
- Mungo Burrowing Bettong
- Mungo Feral Animals
- Mungo Footprints
- Mungo Fossils
- Mungo Giant Kangaroo
- Mungo Giant Wombat
- Mungo Man
- Mungo Plants
- Mungo Swamp Cow
- Musical Instruments
- Namibia - Rock paintings from Namibia in Africa
- Naracoorte Caves
- Neandertal models
- Neanderthal Amud 1, Israel
- Neanderthal Art
- Neanderthal Symbolism
- Neanderthal child from Wezmeh Cave
- Neanderthals of Schleswig-Holstein
- Nebra Venus - Die Venus von Nebra
- Negroid Head Venus from Balzi Rossi
- Neo-Assyrian
- Neolithic and later Sites
- Nets and skis from ancient times
- Niaux - Grotte de Niaux Cave Art and History
- Niaux - Grotte de Niaux Description and History
- Niaux Cave index
- Niaux Cave maps, plans and aerial photos
- Norwegian Rock Art - Alta Fjord
- Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush
- Numeracy in prehistoric art and artefacts
- Nun Venus, or the Flattened Figure
- Nyayanga Butchery Site in Kenya
- Oberkassel Double Burial
- Old Iron Gates Images
- Oldest Jewellery
- Oreopithecus - an ancient ape
- Original Neanderthal skeleton from the Neander Valley
- Other Mousterian (Neanderthal) Sites and Artefacts
- Other Mungo Animals
- Otzi - Ötzi the Iceman
- Overview of Cave Paintings and Sculptures
- Overview of the Iron Gates
- Padina
- Page Redirection to venus page
- Paisley Caves complex - when did people first reach North America?
- Palaeolithic / Paleolithic European, Russian and Australian Archaeology / Archeology Sites
- Palaeolithic Fibres and Textiles
- Palaeolithic Venus figures - their purpose
- Paleolithic of the USSR
- Parabita Venus - two venuses from Parabita, Italy
- Paranthropus boisei - Nutcracker man
- Pareidolia
- Partizanska Jama, Partisan Cave in Slovenia
- Pasiega Cave
- Pech-de-l'Aze
- Pech Merle
- Pestera Coliboaia - Coliboaia Cave Rock Art
- Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology
- Peyrugues Tools
- Peștera cu Oase
- Phallus in Stone Age Art
- Photography in Museums
- Photoshop Basics - a beginner's guide
- Pine Tree Creek, Tied Up Wrist and Wallaroo Galleries - Aboriginal Rock Art sites in Northern Queensland
- Placard Cave - Grotte du Placard - Grotte de Rochebertier
- Plains of Passage - Clickable Map of the Danube
- Poire Venus
- Potlatch - First Nations of the Pacific Northwest
- Privacy Policy
- Proconsul africanus
- Qesem Cave
- Quinkan Corner, the Rock Wallaby Gallery, and Tent Shelter Gallery - Aboriginal Rock Art sites in Northern Queensland
- Raising the Mammoth
- Raven
- Recent Stories from the Don River
- Recent additions, changes and updates to Don's Maps
- Red Lady Galleries near Laura - an Aboriginal Rock Art site in Northern Queensland
- Red Ochre Venus or Dame ocree, is a venus of mammoth ivory from Balzi Rossi covered with red ochre
- Reflection Rock and Roque Saint-Christophe
- Reindeer People
- Reindeer People of today
- Roc-de-Cave
- Roc aux Sorciers
- Roc de Cazelle
- Roc de Combe Tools
- Roc de Marcamps and la grotte des Fées
- Roc de Sers
- Rock Engravings of Gobustan
- Rock art depicting females in the Americas
- Rogalik Venus Figures
- Rondelles from the Stone Age
- Rossosh burial mounds
- Rouffignac Cave - La Grotte de Rouffignac, ice age art
- Sacred Root
- Safe Water for Hiking
- Saint-Front Cave
- Saint Césaire Neanderthal skeleton
- Salle Piette
- Sandy Creek near Laura - an Aboriginal Rock Art site in Northern Queensland
- Sarum Lookout, Salisbury Waters and McDirtys Lookout
- Savignano Venus
- Schela Cladovei
- Schoningen spears and throwing sticks
- Sewing Hiking Equipment
- Shanidar, Solecki, and Mahmoud Khudir
- Shanidar Cave
- Sipka Cave - a Neanderthal site
- Sitemap
- Sites of Geissenklosterle, Hohle Fels, and Middle Paleolithic sites in the Swabian Alb near the city of Ulm
- Small Lion Man from Hohle Fels
- Solutrean - the peak of stone tools workmanship
- Solvieux - a large open-air site near Gabillou in the l'Isle basin.
- Sound of a flute
- South African Rock paintings in the Cedar Mountains
- Spy Neanderthal
- Stone Lamps of the Palaeolithic
- Sulawesi ancient rock art
- Sungaea in the EC series
- Sungir / Sunghir
- Sveduv Stul Neanderthal site
- Szeletian culture - a development of the Mousterian, contemporaneous with the Aurignacian.
- Tan-Tan Venus
- Territoire des Zelandoni
- Three year old Neanderthal child of Roc de Marsal, one of the oldest burials of the Perigord
- Thunderbolt's Lookout
- Tools, Shells and Bones from Lake Mungo in Australia
- Tools from the stone age
- Tools from the stone age - index
- Tools from the stone age of Germany
- Trasimeno Venus
- Travers - Sabine Circuit, Nelson Lakes, New Zealand
- Travers Sabine Circuit in New Zealand - Angelus Hut to John Tait Hut
- Travers Sabine Circuit in New Zealand - Blue Lake to Lake Rotoroa
- Travers Sabine Circuit in New Zealand - John Tait Hut to West Sabine Hut over the Travers Saddle
- Travers Sabine Circuit in New Zealand - St Arnaud, Bushline and Angelus Huts
- Travers Sabine Circuit in New Zealand - West Sabine Hut to Blue Lake
- Trou Magrite Venus
- Tuc d'Audoubert
- Two Headed Woman, one of the Grimaldi Venuses
- Undescribed Venus from Balzi Rossi
- Venus Impudique
- Venus Timeline
- Venus el Rombo, or Venus de Losange, (the diamond or rhomboid shaped venus) from Grimaldi
- Venuses of Mainz
- Venuses of Neuchatel - Monruz
- Venus figure from Las Caldas
- Venus figure from le Cellier
- Venus figures from Fontales
- Venus figures from Petersfels
- Venus figures from Russia, Ukraine and sites East of the Donau mouth
- Venus figures from Western Europe
- Venus figures from Wilczyce 10
- Venus figures from the Kostenki - Borshevo region on the Don River
- Venus figures from the Stone Age
- Venus figures from the Stone Age
- Venus from Waldstetten
- Venus of Abri Pataud, and the archeological site of Abri Pataud at Les Eyzies
- Venus of Bataille / Sireuil
- Venus of Courbet / Bruniquel / Montastruc
- Venus of Craiova
- Venus of Die Rote von Mauern - the Red Venus from the Weinberghöhlen near Mauern
- Venus of Die Rote von Mauern - the Red Venus from the Weinberghöhlen near Mauern
- Venus of El Pendo Cave (Santander)
- Venus of Galgenberg- Fanny
- Venus of Hohle Fels
- Venus of Kesslerloch
- Venus of Khotylevo
- Venus of Laugerie Basse - the Supplicant
- Venus of Laussel - La Femme a la Corne
- Venus of Macomer
- Venus of Menton, one of the Grimaldi Venuses
- Venus of Milandes, from Castelnaud-la-Chapelle, Dordogne
- Venus of Monpazier, carved in limonite
- Venus of Montecompatri
- Venus of Oblazowa
- Venus of Pekarna
- Venus of Polichinelle, carved in green steatite
- Venus of Péchialet
- Venus of Renancourt
- Venus of Sireuil, Roc de Cazelle, Dordogne
- Venus of Terme-Pialat, Dordogne
- Venus of Tursac, a figurine of translucent calcite
- Venus of Willendorf
- Venus of Zaraysk / Зарайск Венера, part of the Kostenki-Willendorf culture
- Venus of l'abri d'Enval
- Venus with Goitre
- Vero Florida - Ice Age Mammoth carving
- Vezere Valley clickable map
- Viking Ships of Roskilde
- Villars Cave - Grotte de Villars
- Villepin
- Vlasac
- Vogelherd Cave, Vogelherdhöhlen
- Vulva in Stone Age Art
- Wangapeka Track in New Zealand
- Warratyi Rock Shelter
- Water Quality
- Waterproofing a pack quickly and easily
- Wendel on ice age religion
- Whinney
- Willow Pool - Jondalar and Ayla's Spring
- Winnemucca Petroglyphs: Oldest Rock Art in North America
- Wollomombi and Chandler Falls walking and climbing
- Woman with the perforated neck
- Wonderwerk Cave - stone tools made by Homo habilis
- Zaraysk / Зарайск
Don's Maps
Resources for the study of Palaeolithic / Paleolithic European, Russian, Ukrainian and Australian Archaeology / Archeology
Photo: Me in Paris, on top of the Musée de l'Homme.

Index of caves and rock shelters with wall paintings and engravings
Recent updates
A selection of the animals and plants from the Precambrian to the Cretaceous. The page includes maps of the continents of the earth as they travelled back and forth across the globe.
Last updated Sunday 30 November 2025
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a powerful state that existed in the ancient Near East from 911 BC to 609 BC. It was the largest empire in the world at the time and covered much of modern-day Iraq, Syria, and parts of Iran, Turkey, and Egypt. The Neo-Assyrians were known for their military might, efficient administration, and innovative use of technology, including the development of siege warfare and the use of iron weapons. They also had a well-organised system of government, with a king who had absolute power and a bureaucracy that helped him govern.
Last updated Sunday 07 December 2025
Gobustan on the Caspian Sea is a site dated to around 5 000 - 8 000 years BP, where there are paintings or etchings (petroglyphs) of what appear to be long boats in the style of the Viking ships of more recent times, as well as many other types, including human outlines, horses, and aurochs. More photographs and text have been added.
Last updated Sunday 14 May 2023
The oldest cave paintings in Central Europe, estimated at between 23 000 and 35 000 BP, were discovered by a team of Romanian speleologists at the Coliboaia Cave, Romania. More photographs and text have been added.
Last updated Saturday 04 February 2023
The Mladečské Caves are a cave complex in the municipality of Mladeč in the Czech Republic, about 80 km north east of Brno. The site is a valuable resource for artefacts from the Old and Middle Palaeolithic.
Last updated Tuesday 21 May 2024
El Pendo Cave, Camargo, province of Santander, is famous for the venus figure found there. More photographs of the cave, the artwork on the walls, and portable art found there have been added.
Last updated Wednesday 15 November 2023
During the Upper Palaeolithic, ice age hunters used the slopes of the Danube valley repeatedly. Willendorf is one such site, and although justly famous for the Venus of Willendorf, it is also an important Gravettian and Aurignacian site for the other artefacts found there.
Last updated Monday 26 December 2022
The small cave of Les Eyzies or la Grotte Richard opens above the village of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, on the right shore of the Beune. Its prehistoric occupation is established in the Upper Magdalenian. It has been largely forgotten, but is an important site.
Last updated Tuesday 20 December 2022
La Madeleine is a rock shelter located in the Vézère valley, in the Dordogne, France. In 1926 the skeleton of a three year old child was discovered, with exquisite shell jewellery, dating from the end of the Magdalenian period. It is a treasure house of art and knowledge about the people of the Magdalenian. Several historic photographs, as well as modern ones of the gisement have been added, as well as much more information on the tools.
Last updated Thursday 12 December 2024
Lalinde/Gonnersdorf figurines and engravings are strictly stylised, overtly female forms with over-sized buttocks, long trunks, small or missing breasts, and no heads. More information and images as well as plans and cross sections of the Gare de Couze and the Grotte de la Roche near the town of Lalinde have been added.
Last updated Saturday 21 October 2023
Micoque tools - La Micoque is a Neanderthal site in the Dordogne dating from circa 400 000 BP to 130 000 BP. A number of tools have been added to the page.
Last updated Friday 25 February 2022
Le Moustier is the type site for the Mousterian suite of tools and artefacts, and is a Neanderthal site. It is of interest primarily to those specialising in le Moustier and the lithic industry of the Mousterian. Several tools from Le Moustier have been added to this page.
Last updated Thursday 14 December 2023
Fontalès is a rock shelter and prehistoric site of the Magdalenian, which is in the commune of Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val , in Tarn-et-Garonne. It was excavated in 1865 by Victor Brun, then from 1936 to 1960 by Paul Darasse. The site has yielded a stratigraphic sequence comprising several levels of occupation dating from the Upper Magdalenian.
Last updated Saturday 19 February 2022
La Grande Grotte de Saint-Front is a little over a kilometre upstream from Domme, on the left bank of the Dordogne. Also known as La Grotte du Mammouth, it contains a number of engravings and sculptures, including a superb Mammoth on a high ceiling.
Last updated Sunday 13 August 2023
In Morocco, archaeologists have discovered what they claim to be the oldest jewellery ever found in the world. They are perforated shells that are up to 150 000 years old. The shells, which were believed to have been made into necklaces and bracelets, were found in the Bizmoune Cave near the coastal town of Essaouira.
Last updated Tuesday 23 November 2021
An account of the Battle of Megiddo (fought in the 15th century BC) between Egyptian forces under the command of Pharaoh Thutmose III and a large rebellious coalition of Canaanite vassal states led by the king of Kadesh. It is the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.
Last updated Thursday 12 September 2024
In 1940 at Baume-Latrone, or Latrone Cave, drawings from the Upper Palaeolithic were discovered in a deep network 240 metres from the entrance.
They have a unique style, and have been assigned to the Aurignacian. They have been dated to 37 464 BP (cal).
Last updated Monday 02 December 2024
Pasiega Cave in Spain was of mostly academic interest until the discovery that some of the art in the cave may have been put there by Neanderthals. This result has now been discredited. Here is the background to that story, with many drawings of the art of the cave from the old master himself, Breuil.
Last updated Monday 02 December 2024
Inconsistencies in the EC books. Amy McDonald has found an inconsistency between the fifth and sixth books concerning Matigan, apprentice to Jondalar.
Last updated Sunday 04 May 2025
Another Palaeolithic Venus has been discovered in Renancourt, Amiens. The statuette is in good condition, carved in limestone/chalk, and is 40 mm high. It is estimated to be 23 000 years old, and is from the Gravettian. The breasts, buttocks and thighs are all of exaggerated volume, as is normal in this tradition.
Last updated Thursday 24 June 2021
Cave paintings, engravings and sculptures.

Archeological / Archaeological Forgeries, Hoaxes and Curiosities
A bicycle trip down the Danube from the source of the Danube to Budapest.

Paintings of ancient times - Giovanni Caselli

The books in the series: The Clan of the Cave Bear, The Valley of Horses,
The Mammoth Hunters, The Plains of Passage, The Shelters of Stone, and The Land of Painted Caves are all copyrighted by Jean M. Auel.
I do not keep back any higher resolution photos from my website. To obtain the highest resolution I have, you need to click the small image (thumbnail) on the web page, when the full, higher resolution image will appear on your screen, from which you can copy or download it. Thus, each small image is a link to the highest resolution of that image that I have available, and anyone can access it just by clicking on the thumbnail.
Use of images
Anyone (e.g. students, teachers, lecturers, writers of scientific papers, libraries, writers of books, film/video makers, the general public) may use and reproduce, crop and alter the maps which I have drawn and photographs which I have made of objects and scenes at no charge, and without asking permission. If you decide to use one or more of my images, I would be grateful (though it is not necessary) if you would include a credit such as 'Photo: Don Hitchcock, donsmaps.com' or similar, at the place you normally put your credits, and with your normal formatting and wording. Obviously this does not apply for any copies I have made of existing photographs, artwork and diagrams from other people, in which case copyright remains with the original photographer or artist. Nor does it apply where there is some other weird copyright law which overrides my permission.
Note, however, that the Ägyptischen Museum München and the Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel permit photography of its exhibits for private, educational, scientific, non-commercial purposes. If you intend to use any photos from these sources for any commercial use, please contact the relevant museum and ask for permission.
Use of images on Wikipedia and Wikimedia
Contributors and editors of Wikipedia and Wikimedia may publish on the Wikipedia and Wikimedia sites the maps which I have drawn and photographs which I have made of objects and scenes at no charge, and without asking permission, using the Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0 license. Obviously this does not apply for any copies I have made of existing photographs, artwork and diagrams from other people, in which case copyright remains with the original photographer or artist. Nor does it apply where there is some other weird copyright law which overrides my permission.
I have eliminated all cookies from my site. My server does not use cookies when you access my site. There are no advertisements on my site. I cannot access any information about you or your visit to my site.
My background
Some people have expressed interest in knowing a little bit about me. For those people, here is a potted biography:
The Donsmaps site is totally independent of any other influence. I work on it for my own pleasure, and finance it myself. I started before there was an internet, when I thought I could do a better job of the small map on the end papers of Jean Auel's wonderful book, Valley of the Horses, by adding detail and contour lines, and making a larger version. I have always loved maps since I was a young boy.
I had just bought a black and white 'fat Mac' with a whopping 512 kB of memory (!), and no hard disk. With a program called 'Super Paint' and a lot of double work (hand tracing first the maps of Europe from atlases, then scanning the images on the tracing paper, then merging the scanned images together, then tracing these digital scans on the computer screen), I made my own black and white map.
Then the internet came along, the terms of my internet access gave me space for a small website, and Don's Maps started. I got much better computers and software over the years, Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator for example, and my maps became colourised and had more detail. I did a lot of maps of the travels of Ayla from Jean Auel's books, and I gradually included other pages with more and more photos available from the web, and scanned from books or from scientific papers, since I was not happy with the quality generally available. I became very interested in the Venus figurines, and set out to make a complete record of the ice age ones. Along the way I got interested in archaeology for its own sake.
In 2008 my wife and I went to Europe, and when we arrived in Frankfurt at sunrise after the 24 hour plane trip from Sydney, while my wife left on her own tour with her sister, they visited relatives in Germany and Austria, I went off by myself on the train to Paris. Later that afternoon I took a train to Brive-la-Gaillarde, found a hotel and caught up on lost sleep. The next morning I hired a car, and over the next four weeks visited and photographed many of the original archaeological sites in the south of France, as well as many archaeological museums. It was a wonderful experience. My wife and I met up again later in the Black Forest, and cycled down the Danube from its source to Budapest, camping most of the way, a wonderful trip, collecting many photos, including a visit to Dolni Vestonice in the Czech Republic, as well as visiting the Vienna natural history museum. Jean Auel fans will realise the significance of that trip!
Luckily I speak French, the trips to France would have been difficult or impossible otherwise. No one outside large cities speaks English (or they refuse to). I was travelling independently, not as part of a tour group. I never knew where I was going to be the next night, and I camped nearly everywhere, except for large cities. I am a very experienced bushwalker (hiker) and have the required equipment - a one-man ultra lightweight tent, sleeping bag, stove, raincoat, and so on, all of which I make myself for use here when I go bushwalking, especially down the beautiful gorges east of Armidale, though for Europe I use a commercial two person lightweight tent, since weight is not so much of a problem when cycling or using a car, and in any case my wife was with me when cycling, once along the Donau from its source to Budapest in 2008, and again from Amsterdam to Copenhagen and then up the Rhine from Köln to the Black Forest in 2014, both of which were memorable and wonderful trips.
In 2012 we went to Canada for a wedding and to visit old friends, and I took the opportunity to visit the wonderful Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia, where I took many photographs of the items on exhibit, particularly of the superb display of artefacts of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest.
In 2014 my wife and I did another European cycling tour, from Amsterdam to Copenhagen, then from Cologne up the Rhine to the Black Forest, camping most of the way in each case, and taking many useful photos in museums along the way, including the museums at Leiden, Netherlands, and Roskilde in Denmark, and the National Museum in Copenhagen. Again, I later hired a car and did more photography and visited many more sites in France.
In 2015 I made a lone visit to all the major museums in western Europe by public transport, mostly by train, and that went very well. I had learned a lot of German while travelling with my wife, who is a fluent speaker of the language, and of all the European countries, Germany is my favourite. I feel comfortable there. I love the people, the food, and the beer. Germans are gemütlich, I have many friends there now.
I repeated the visit to western Europe in 2018, to fill in some gaps of museums I had not visited the first time, because they were either closed for renovation the first time (such as the Musée de l'Homme in Paris) or because I ran out of time, or because I wanted to fill in some gaps from major museums such as the British Museum, the Berlin Museum, München, the Louvre, the Petrie and Natural History Museums in London, the Vienna Natural History Museum, the important museum in Brno, and museums in northern Germany. It takes at least two visits, preferably three, to thoroughly explore the items on display in a major museum.
I spend a lot of time on the site, typically at least a few hours a day, often more. I do a lot of translation of original papers not available in English, a time consuming but I believe a valuable task. People and fate have been very generous to me, and it is good to give back a very small part of what I have been given. With the help of online translation apps and use of online dictionaries there are few languages I cannot translate, though I find Czech a challenge!
Life has been kind to me, I want for nothing, and am in good health. Not many in the world are as lucky as I am, and I am grateful for my good fortune.
My best wishes to all who read and enjoy the pages of my site.
May the wind be always at your back.
May the sun shine warm upon your face;
And may rain on a tin roof lull you to sleep at night.
This sitemap link provides access to all the pages on my site.
Maps of the Earth's Children Series including a map of Journeys in the Land of Painted Caves, the last book in the series.
Birdstones are small, abstract stone carvings that resemble a bird and are thought to have been used as a weight for an atlatl. They are generally three to four inches long and less than two inches tall. They are found at archaic sites in midwestern and eastern North America, including the Great Lakes region and east of the Mississippi River. The majority are made from banded slate, particularly the greenish-grey Huronian variety, but other stones like porphyry have also been used.
Accessing the collection of rock art photographs by Heinrich Wendel, who documented many of the rock art sites in the Franco-Cantabrian region between 1964 and 1970 - the Neanderthal Museum has kindly made available to the general public the collection of superb photographs from the Wendel Collection. This page will show you how to access the page and to download any files you wish to use.
Dots and lines are the most ubiquitous abstract symbols in Palaeolithic art, whether on the walls of caves or on suitable pieces of bone and ivory. Many researchers have noted the occurrence of these symbols, and their occurrence particularly in relation to representations of animals. Here I have put together some of the best examples. The evidence presented here shows that where the evidence exists and the data is sufficient, there is no correlation between the Taxon and the number of dots or lines. For example, horses have numbers of dots and lines which are spread across the range of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and Aurochs (early cattle) have numbers of dots and lines which include 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, and many.
Ancient Egyptian culture from its beginnings through the dynasties to the Ptolemaic period and its eventual decline as a Roman Province, told through reference to its mummies, statues, burial practices and artefacts.
Although my first love is the stone age, mostly before 10 000 BP, I have also become interested in the magnificent works of art produced in ancient Egypt. This set of pages is being constantly updated.
The Gudenushöhle cave is situated 20 km northwest of the city of Krems, in the valley of the Little Krems, not far from Willendorf, in Lower Austria. The site is close to the River Danube, and has yielded both Neanderthal and Magdalenian artefacts, including many tools, as well as an engraved reindeer bone and a fragment of a bone flute dated to about 18 000 – 12 000 BP.
Altamira Cave is 270 metres long and consists of a series of twisting passages and chambers, and is decorated with ice age paintings. The artists used charcoal and ochre or haematite to create the images. They also exploited the natural contours in the cave walls to give their subjects a three-dimensional effect. The Polychrome Ceiling is the most impressive feature of the cave, depicting a herd of extinct Steppe Bison in different poses, two horses, a large doe, and possibly a wild boar. Around 13 000 years ago a rockfall sealed the cave's entrance, preserving its contents until its eventual discovery.
Photoshop for beginners - I am not an expert, I am a beginner myself (though I have spent many years trying to understand a small part of this encyclopaedia for image manipulation), but this text and images may be of use to someone just starting out on the Photoshop journey. At the moment it covers part of rotation and cropping and healing of images, removing backgrounds, and healing just the edge of an object. I will be adding to this initial study as time affords.
The swamp ape Oreopithecus bambolii was 120 cm tall and weighed 30 kg, with a brain capacity of up to 200 cm3 lived in swampy areas of what is now Italy, 10 to 8 million years ago. The long forelimbs are indicative of tree-dwelling. The ape went extinct after a land bridge connected their island to the mainland, allowing large saber-toothed cats and other predators to stalk the island.
Achenheim is an important site from the Middle Palaeolithic (75 000 to 35 000 years ago) and bears witness to the presence of Neanderthal man in Alsace: Achenheim was an animal butchering area. The site includes the bones of several large animals (rhinoceros, horse, mammoth, bison, Megaloceros) butchered on the spot after the hunt.
Magical amber animals - many of the Mesolithic period’s artistic masterpieces have been found in Denmark. Among them are bears, a bird and an elk of amber. The figures are elegant and shaped in a way that is true to nature. The people who made them must have had a good knowledge of how a real bear, and other animals, looked. Like many other amber finds from the Stone Age, the animal figures have been found in bogs or on beaches. Many appear to be amulets, and probably had great spiritual significance.
The Venus of Willendorf is made of a rock called oolite, a form of limestone that is not found in or around Willendorf. Gerhard Weber and his team from the University of Vienna have now found out with the help of high-resolution tomographic images that the material from which the Venus was carved likely comes from northern Italy, at Lake Garda, about 700 km away.
Iron smelting was unknown in Egypt 3 400 years ago, yet a dagger from the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun has been positively identified as having an iron blade made from metal extracted from a meteorite. It may have been a gift from Tušratta, king of Mitanni to Pharaoh Amenhotep III, who passed it on to his son, Akhenaten, who in turn passed it on to Tutankhamun.
La Quina is a Neanderthal site located in the Charente region of south-western France. The artisans of the La Quina Mousterian industry type (thick asymmetric tools transformed many times) had a particular way of life: they were hunters specialising in the hunt for Reindeer or Bison, and they moved following the herds. Several tools from La Quina have been added to this page.

In the Pacific Northwest Coast mythology, Raven is the powerful figure who transforms the world. Stories tell how Raven created the land, released the people from a cockle shell, and brought them fire. Raven stole the light and brought it out to light up the world. Yet Raven is a trickster—often selfish, hungry, and mischievous. He changes the world only by cleverly deceiving others in his never - ending quest for food.
The Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon. It was constructed in about 575 BC by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city. It was part of a grand walled processional way leading into the city. The walls were finished in glazed bricks mostly in blue, with animals and 'dragons' in low relief at intervals, these also made up of bricks that are moulded and coloured differently.
On the banks of the Bengawan Solo River in Java, Indonesia, 19th-century physician Eugène Dubois uncovered an astounding fossil find: the bones of what appeared to be an ancient human, surrounded by animal remains and shells. Excavated in the 1890s, the site gained fame as the home of 'Java Man', better known today as Homo erectus. Deliberate scratching on a fossil Pseudodon shell, is almost certainly an engraving made by Homo erectus at Trinil in Indonesia.
Of all the ancient peoples that have been studied by scientists, none has set puzzles quite so profound as those left behind by the Denisovans. However game changing DNA research and techniques now mean that we can trace which hominins and animals used a particular site. No longer do we need actual fossils to determine this, a small sample of the dirt from the cave or open air site is all that is required. These methods will revolutionise archaeology and anthropology.
I have reorganised and added to the page on tools, to include sections specifically on the development of the ancient Acheulean hand axe by Homo erectus and the various types of this important tool, and the mastery of its creation by Homo neanderthalensis, who not only made it in the classic fashion, working on a core or nucleus bifacially, known as Moustérien de tradition acheuléenne or MTA, but also took flakes and turned them into bifacially worked Acheulean hand axes. There is a short summary of the development of such tools right through to Neolithic arrow heads, followed by a longer section on the step by step development of the full range of tools from choppers through to the bow and arrow.
The sites generally known as Atapuerca are a series of very important excavations in the Sierra Atapuerca, in Spain, first discovered as a result of the construction of a railway line through this limestone region. Taken together, the sites are more extensive in terms of hominin discoveries than anywhere else in Europe, or perhaps the world. The discoveries range in age from 1.4 million years old stone tools to neolithic ceramics, and the hominins include Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo neanderthalensis.






In 1865, Charles William Hitchcock and his wife Emma (nee Fuller) came out to Australia in the ship 'Royal Dane'. William Henry, my grandfather, was born on the ship on the 24th July 1865 while the ship was anchored in Keppel Bay. This is the index page for a number of family photographs and some of the early family history.



