HTML5

Abstract

This specification defines the 5th major revision of the core language of the World Wide Web: the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In this version, new features are introduced to help Web application authors, new elements are introduced based on research into prevailing authoring practices, and special attention has been given to defining clear conformance criteria for user agents in an effort to improve interoperability.

Status of This document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the most recently formally published revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

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The working groups maintains a list of all bug reports that the editor has not yet tried to address and a list of issues for which the chairs have not yet declared a decision. The editor also maintains a list of all e-mails that he has not yet tried to address. These bugs, issues, and e-mails apply to multiple HTML-related specifications, not just this one.

Implementors should be aware that this specification is not stable. Implementors who are not taking part in the discussions are likely to find the specification changing out from under them in incompatible ways. Vendors interested in implementing this specification before it eventually reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage should join the aforementioned mailing lists and take part in the discussions.

The publication of this document by the W3C as a W3C Working Draft does not imply that all of the participants in the W3C HTML working group endorse the contents of the specification. Indeed, for any section of the specification, one can usually find many members of the working group or of the W3C as a whole who object strongly to the current text, the existence of the section at all, or the idea that the working group should even spend time discussing the concept of that section.

The latest stable version of the editor's draft of this specification is always available on the W3C CVS server and in the WHATWG Subversion repository. The latest editor's working copy (which may contain unfinished text in the process of being prepared) contains the latest draft text of this specification (amongst others). For more details, please see the WHATWG FAQ.

There are various ways to follow the change history for the HTML specifications:

E-mail notifications of changes

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Real-time notifications of changes:

Generated diff-marked HTML versions for each change: https://twitter.com/HTML5

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Browsable version-control record of all changes:

CVSWeb interface with side-by-side diffs: https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/html5/

Annotated summary with unified diffs: https://html5.org/tools/web-apps-tracker

Raw Subversion interface: svn checkout https://svn.whatwg.org/webapps/

The W3C HTML Working Group is the W3C working group responsible for this specification's progress along the W3C Recommendation track. This specification is the 19 October 2010 WD.

Work on this specification is also done at the WHATWG. The W3C HTML working group actively pursues convergence with the WHATWG, as required by the W3C HTML working group charter.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

Table of Contents

1. 1 Introduction
   1. 1.1 Background
   2. 1.2 Audience
   3. 1.3 Scope
   4. 1.4 History
   5. 1.5 Design notes
      1. 1.5.1 Serializability of script execution
      2. 1.5.2 Compliance with other specifications
   6. 1.6 HTML vs XHTML
   7. 1.7 Structure of this specification
      1. 1.7.1 How to read this specification
      2. 1.7.2 Typographic conventions
   8. 1.8 A quick introduction to HTML
   9. 1.9 Conformance requirements for authors
      1. 1.9.1 Presentational markup
      2. 1.9.2 Syntax errors
      3. 1.9.3 Restrictions on content models and on attribute values
   10. 1.10 Recommended reading
2. 2 Common infrastructure
   1. 2.1 Terminology
      1. 2.1.1 Resources
      2. 2.1.2 XML
      3. 2.1.3 DOM trees
      4. 2.1.4 Scripting
      5. 2.1.5 Plugins
      6. 2.1.6 Character encodings
   2. 2.2 Conformance requirements
      1. 2.2.1 Dependencies
      2. 2.2.2 Extensibility
   3. 2.3 Case-sensitivity and string comparison
   4. 2.4 UTF-8
   5. 2.5 Common microsyntaxes
      1. 2.5.1 Common parser idioms
      2. 2.5.2 Boolean attributes
      3. 2.5.3 Keywords and enumerated attributes
      4. 2.5.4 Numbers
         1. 2.5.4.1 Non-negative integers
         2. 2.5.4.2 Signed integers
         3. 2.5.4.3 Real numbers
         4. 2.5.4.4 Percentages and lengths
         5. 2.5.4.5 Lists of integers
         6. 2.5.4.6 Lists of dimensions
      5. 2.5.5 Dates and times
         1. 2.5.5.1 Months
         2. 2.5.5.2 Dates
         3. 2.5.5.3 Times
         4. 2.5.5.4 Local dates and times
         5. 2.5.5.5 Global dates and times
         6. 2.5.5.6 Weeks
         7. 2.5.5.7 Vaguer moments in time
      6. 2.5.6 Colors
      7. 2.5.7 Space-separated tokens
      8. 2.5.8 Comma-separated tokens
      9. 2.5.9 References
      10. 2.5.10 Media queries
   6. 2.6 URLs
      1. 2.6.1 Terminology
      2. 2.6.2 Dynamic changes to base URLs
      3. 2.6.3 Interfaces for URL manipulation
   7. 2.7 Fetching resources
      1. 2.7.1 Protocol concepts
      2. 2.7.2 Encrypted HTTP and related security concerns
      3. 2.7.3 Determining the type of a resource
   8. 2.8 Common DOM interfaces
      1. 2.8.1 Reflecting content attributes in IDL attributes
      2. 2.8.2 Collections
         1. 2.8.2.1 HTMLCollection
         2. 2.8.2.2 HTMLAllCollection
         3. 2.8.2.3 HTMLFormControlsCollection
         4. 2.8.2.4 HTMLOptionsCollection
      3. 2.8.3 DOMTokenList
      4. 2.8.4 DOMSettableTokenList
      5. 2.8.5 Safe passing of structured data
      6. 2.8.6 DOMStringMap
      7. 2.8.7 DOM feature strings
      8. 2.8.8 Exceptions
      9. 2.8.9 Garbage collection
   9. 2.9 Namespaces
3. 3 Semantics, structure, and APIs of HTML documents
   1. 3.1 Documents
      1. 3.1.1 Documents in the DOM
      2. 3.1.2 Security
      3. 3.1.3 Resource metadata management
      4. 3.1.4 DOM tree accessors
      5. 3.1.5 Creating documents
      6. 3.1.6 Loading XML documents
   2. 3.2 Elements
      1. 3.2.1 Semantics
      2. 3.2.2 Elements in the DOM
      3. 3.2.3 Global attributes
         1. 3.2.3.1 The id attribute
         2. 3.2.3.2 The title attribute
         3. 3.2.3.3 The lang and xml:lang attributes
         4. 3.2.3.4 The xml:base attribute (XML only)
         5. 3.2.3.5 The dir attribute
         6. 3.2.3.6 The class attribute
         7. 3.2.3.7 The style attribute
         8. 3.2.3.8 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes
      4. 3.2.4 Element definitions
         1. 3.2.4.1 Attributes
      5. 3.2.5 Content models
         1. 3.2.5.1 Kinds of content
            1. 3.2.5.1.1 Metadata content
            2. 3.2.5.1.2 Flow content
            3. 3.2.5.1.3 Sectioning content
            4. 3.2.5.1.4 Heading content
            5. 3.2.5.1.5 Phrasing content
            6. 3.2.5.1.6 Embedded content
            7. 3.2.5.1.7 Interactive content
         2. 3.2.5.2 Transparent content models
         3. 3.2.5.3 Paragraphs
      6. 3.2.6 Annotations for assistive technology products (ARIA)
   3. 3.3 APIs in HTML documents
   4. 3.4 Interactions with XPath and XSLT
   5. 3.5 Dynamic markup insertion
      1. 3.5.1 Opening the input stream
      2. 3.5.2 Closing the input stream
      3. 3.5.3 document.write()
      4. 3.5.4 document.writeln()
      5. 3.5.5 innerHTML
      6. 3.5.6 outerHTML
      7. 3.5.7 insertAdjacentHTML()
4. 4 The elements of HTML
   1. 4.1 The root element
      1. 4.1.1 The html element
   2. 4.2 Document metadata
      1. 4.2.1 The head element
      2. 4.2.2 The title element
      3. 4.2.3 The base element
      4. 4.2.4 The link element
      5. 4.2.5 The meta element
         1. 4.2.5.1 Standard metadata names
         2. 4.2.5.2 Other metadata names
         3. 4.2.5.3 Pragma directives
         4. 4.2.5.4 Other pragma directives
         5. 4.2.5.5 Specifying the document's character encoding
      6. 4.2.6 The style element
      7. 4.2.7 Styling
   3. 4.3 Scripting
      1. 4.3.1 The script element
         1. 4.3.1.1 Scripting languages
         2. 4.3.1.2 Restrictions for contents of script elements
         3. 4.3.1.3 Inline documentation for external scripts
      2. 4.3.2 The noscript element
   4. 4.4 Sections
      1. 4.4.1 The body element
      2. 4.4.2 The section element
      3. 4.4.3 The nav element
      4. 4.4.4 The article element
      5. 4.4.5 The aside element
      6. 4.4.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements
      7. 4.4.7 The hgroup element
      8. 4.4.8 The header element
      9. 4.4.9 The footer element
      10. 4.4.10 The address element
      11. 4.4.11 Headings and sections
          1. 4.4.11.1 Creating an outline
   5. 4.5 Grouping content
      1. 4.5.1 The p element
      2. 4.5.2 The hr element
      3. 4.5.3 The pre element
      4. 4.5.4 The blockquote element
      5. 4.5.5 The ol element
      6. 4.5.6 The ul element
      7. 4.5.7 The li element
      8. 4.5.8 The dl element
      9. 4.5.9 The dt element
      10. 4.5.10 The dd element
      11. 4.5.11 The figure element
      12. 4.5.12 The figcaption element
      13. 4.5.13 The div element
   6. 4.6 Text-level semantics
      1. 4.6.1 The a element
      2. 4.6.2 The em element
      3. 4.6.3 The strong element
      4. 4.6.4 The small element
      5. 4.6.5 The s element
      6. 4.6.6 The cite element
      7. 4.6.7 The q element
      8. 4.6.8 The dfn element
      9. 4.6.9 The abbr element
      10. 4.6.10 The time element
      11. 4.6.11 The code element
      12. 4.6.12 The var element
      13. 4.6.13 The samp element
      14. 4.6.14 The kbd element
      15. 4.6.15 The sub and sup elements
      16. 4.6.16 The i element
      17. 4.6.17 The b element
      18. 4.6.18 The mark element
      19. 4.6.19 The ruby element
      20. 4.6.20 The rt element
      21. 4.6.21 The rp element
      22. 4.6.22 The bdo element
      23. 4.6.23 The span element
      24. 4.6.24 The br element
      25. 4.6.25 The wbr element
      26. 4.6.26 Usage summary
   7. 4.7 Edits
      1. 4.7.1 The ins element
      2. 4.7.2 The del element
      3. 4.7.3 Attributes common to ins and del elements
      4. 4.7.4 Edits and paragraphs
      5. 4.7.5 Edits and lists
   8. 4.8 Embedded content
      1. 4.8.1 The img element
         1. 4.8.1.1 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images
            1. 4.8.1.1.1 General guidelines
            2. 4.8.1.1.2 A link or button containing nothing but the image
            3. 4.8.1.1.3 A phrase or paragraph with an alternative graphical representation: charts, diagrams, graphs, maps, illustrations
            4. 4.8.1.1.4 A short phrase or label with an alternative graphical representation: icons, logos
            5. 4.8.1.1.5 Text that has been rendered to a graphic for typographical effect
            6. 4.8.1.1.6 A graphical representation of some of the surrounding text
            7. 4.8.1.1.7 A purely decorative image that doesn't add any information
            8. 4.8.1.1.8 A group of images that form a single larger picture with no links
            9. 4.8.1.1.9 A group of images that form a single larger picture with links
            10. 4.8.1.1.10 A key part of the content
            11. 4.8.1.1.11 An image not intended for the user
            12. 4.8.1.1.12 An image in an e-mail or private document intended for a specific person who is known to be able to view images
            13. 4.8.1.1.13 Guidance for markup generators
            14. 4.8.1.1.14 Guidance for conformance checkers
      2. 4.8.2 The iframe element
      3. 4.8.3 The embed element
      4. 4.8.4 The object element
      5. 4.8.5 The param element
      6. 4.8.6 The video element
      7. 4.8.7 The audio element
      8. 4.8.8 The source element
      9. 4.8.9 Media elements
         1. 4.8.9.1 Error codes
         2. 4.8.9.2 Location of the media resource
         3. 4.8.9.3 MIME types
         4. 4.8.9.4 Network states
         5. 4.8.9.5 Loading the media resource
         6. 4.8.9.6 Offsets into the media resource
         7. 4.8.9.7 The ready states
         8. 4.8.9.8 Playing the media resource
         9. 4.8.9.9 Seeking
         10. 4.8.9.10 User interface
         11. 4.8.9.11 Time ranges
         12. 4.8.9.12 Event summary
         13. 4.8.9.13 Security and privacy considerations
      10. 4.8.10 The canvas element
          1. 4.8.10.1 Color spaces and color correction
          2. 4.8.10.2 Security with canvas elements
      11. 4.8.11 The map element
      12. 4.8.12 The area element
      13. 4.8.13 Image maps
          1. 4.8.13.1 Authoring
          2. 4.8.13.2 Processing model
      14. 4.8.14 MathML
      15. 4.8.15 SVG
      16. 4.8.16 Dimension attributes
   9. 4.9 Tabular data
      1. 4.9.1 The table element
      2. 4.9.2 The caption element
      3. 4.9.3 The colgroup element
      4. 4.9.4 The col element
      5. 4.9.5 The tbody element
      6. 4.9.6 The thead element
      7. 4.9.7 The tfoot element
      8. 4.9.8 The tr element
      9. 4.9.9 The td element
      10. 4.9.10 The th element
      11. 4.9.11 Attributes common to td and th elements
      12. 4.9.12 Processing model
          1. 4.9.12.1 Forming a table
          2. 4.9.12.2 Forming relationships between data cells and header cells
      13. 4.9.13 Examples
   10. 4.10 Forms
       1. 4.10.1 Introduction
          1. 4.10.1.1 Writing a form's user interface
          2. 4.10.1.2 Implementing the server-side processing for a form
          3. 4.10.1.3 Configuring a form to communicate with a server
          4. 4.10.1.4 Client-side form validation
       2. 4.10.2 Categories
       3. 4.10.3 The form element
       4. 4.10.4 The fieldset element
       5. 4.10.5 The legend element
       6. 4.10.6 The label element
       7. 4.10.7 The input element
          1. 4.10.7.1 States of the type attribute
             1. 4.10.7.1.1 Hidden state
             2. 4.10.7.1.2 Text state and Search state
             3. 4.10.7.1.3 Telephone state
             4. 4.10.7.1.4 URL state
             5. 4.10.7.1.5 E-mail state
             6. 4.10.7.1.6 Password state
             7. 4.10.7.1.7 Date and Time state
             8. 4.10.7.1.8 Date state
             9. 4.10.7.1.9 Month state
             10. 4.10.7.1.10 Week state
             11. 4.10.7.1.11 Time state
             12. 4.10.7.1.12 Local Date and Time state
             13. 4.10.7.1.13 Number state
             14. 4.10.7.1.14 Range state
             15. 4.10.7.1.15 Color state
             16. 4.10.7.1.16 Checkbox state
             17. 4.10.7.1.17 Radio Button state
             18. 4.10.7.1.18 File Upload state
             19. 4.10.7.1.19 Submit Button state
             20. 4.10.7.1.20 Image Button state
             21. 4.10.7.1.21 Reset Button state
             22. 4.10.7.1.22 Button state
          2. 4.10.7.2 Common input element attributes
             1. 4.10.7.2.1 The autocomplete attribute
             2. 4.10.7.2.2 The list attribute
             3. 4.10.7.2.3 The readonly attribute
             4. 4.10.7.2.4 The size attribute
             5. 4.10.7.2.5 The required attribute
             6. 4.10.7.2.6 The multiple attribute
             7. 4.10.7.2.7 The maxlength attribute
             8. 4.10.7.2.8 The pattern attribute
             9. 4.10.7.2.9 The min and max attributes
             10. 4.10.7.2.10 The step attribute
             11. 4.10.7.2.11 The placeholder attribute
          3. 4.10.7.3 Common input element APIs
          4. 4.10.7.4 Common event behaviors
       8. 4.10.8 The button element
       9. 4.10.9 The select element
       10. 4.10.10 The datalist element
       11. 4.10.11 The optgroup element
       12. 4.10.12 The option element
       13. 4.10.13 The textarea element
       14. 4.10.14 The keygen element
       15. 4.10.15 The output element
       16. 4.10.16 The progress element
       17. 4.10.17 The meter element
       18. 4.10.18 Association of controls and forms
       19. 4.10.19 Attributes common to form controls
           1. 4.10.19.1 Naming form controls
           2. 4.10.19.2 Enabling and disabling form controls
           3. 4.10.19.3 A form control's value
           4. 4.10.19.4 Autofocusing a form control
           5. 4.10.19.5 Limiting user input length
           6. 4.10.19.6 Form submission
   11. 4.11 APIs for the text field selections
       1. 4.11.1 Constraints
          1. 4.11.1.1 Definitions
          2. 4.11.1.2 Constraint validation
          3. 4.11.1.3 The constraint validation API
          4. 4.11.1.4 Security
       2. 4.11.2 Form submission
          1. 4.11.2.1 Introduction
          2. 4.11.2.2 Implicit submission
          3. 4.11.2.3 Form submission algorithm
          4. 4.11.2.4 URL-encoded form data
          5. 4.11.2.5 Multipart form data
          6. 4.11.2.6 Plain text form data
       3. 4.11.3 Resetting a form
       4. 4.11.4 Event dispatch
   12. 4.12 Interactive elements
       1. 4.12.1 The details element
       2. 4.12.2 The summary element
       3. 4.12.3 The command element
       4. 4.12.4 The menu element
          1. 4.12.4.1 Introduction
          2. 4.12.4.2 Building menus and toolbars
          3. 4.12.4.3 Context menus
          4. 4.12.4.4 Toolbars
       5. 4.12.5 Commands
          1. 4.12.5.1 Using the a element to define a command
          2. 4.12.5.2 Using the button element to define a command
          3. 4.12.5.3 Using the input element to define a command
          4. 4.12.5.4 Using the option element to define a command
          5. 4.12.5.5 Using the command element to define a command
          6. 4.12.5.6 Using the accesskey attribute on a label element to define a command
          7. 4.12.5.7 Using the accesskey attribute on a legend element to define a command
          8. 4.12.5.8 Using the accesskey attribute to define a command on other elements
   13. 4.13 Links
       1. 4.13.1 Introduction
       2. 4.13.2 Links created by a and area elements
       3. 4.13.3 Following hyperlinks
       4. 4.13.4 Link types
          1. 4.13.4.1 Link type "alternate"
          2. 4.13.4.2 Link type "archives"
          3. 4.13.4.3 Link type "author"
          4. 4.13.4.4 Link type "bookmark"
          5. 4.13.4.5 Link type "external"
          6. 4.13.4.6 Link type "help"
          7. 4.13.4.7 Link type "icon"
          8. 4.13.4.8 Link type "license"
          9. 4.13.4.9 Link type "nofollow"
          10. 4.13.4.10 Link type "noreferrer"
          11. 4.13.4.11 Link type "pingback"
          12. 4.13.4.12 Link type "prefetch"
          13. 4.13.4.13 Link type "search"
          14. 4.13.4.14 Link type "stylesheet"
          15. 4.13.4.15 Link type "sidebar"
          16. 4.13.4.16 Link type "tag"
          17. 4.13.4.17 Hierarchical link types
              1. 4.13.4.17.1 Link type "index"
              2. 4.13.4.17.2 Link type "up"
          18. 4.13.4.18 Sequential link types
              1. 4.13.4.18.1 Link type "first"
              2. 4.13.4.18.2 Link type "last"
              3. 4.13.4.18.3 Link type "next"
              4. 4.13.4.18.4 Link type "prev"
          19. 4.13.4.19 Other link types
   14. 4.14 Common idioms without dedicated elements
       1. 4.14.1 The main part of the content
       2. 4.14.2 Tag clouds
       3. 4.14.3 Conversations
       4. 4.14.4 Footnotes
   15. 4.15 Matching HTML elements using selectors
       1. 4.15.1 Case-sensitivity
       2. 4.15.2 Pseudo-classes
5. 5 Loading Web pages
   1. 5.1 Browsing contexts
      1. 5.1.1 Nested browsing contexts
         1. 5.1.1.1 Navigating nested browsing contexts in the DOM
      2. 5.1.2 Auxiliary browsing contexts
         1. 5.1.2.1 Navigating auxiliary browsing contexts in the DOM
      3. 5.1.3 Secondary browsing contexts
      4. 5.1.4 Security
      5. 5.1.5 Groupings of browsing contexts
      6. 5.1.6 Browsing context names
   2. 5.2 The Window object
      1. 5.2.1 Security
      2. 5.2.2 APIs for creating and navigating browsing contexts by name
      3. 5.2.3 Accessing other browsing contexts
      4. 5.2.4 Named access on the Window object
      5. 5.2.5 Garbage collection and browsing contexts
      6. 5.2.6 Browser interface elements
      7. 5.2.7 The WindowProxy object
   3. 5.3 Origin
      1. 5.3.1 Relaxing the same-origin restriction
   4. 5.4 Session history and navigation
      1. 5.4.1 The session history of browsing contexts
      2. 5.4.2 The History interface
      3. 5.4.3 The Location interface
         1. 5.4.3.1 Security
      4. 5.4.4 Implementation notes for session history
   5. 5.5 Browsing the Web
      1. 5.5.1 Navigating across documents
      2. 5.5.2 Page load processing model for HTML files
      3. 5.5.3 Page load processing model for XML files
      4. 5.5.4 Page load processing model for text files
      5. 5.5.5 Page load processing model for images
      6. 5.5.6 Page load processing model for content that uses plugins
      7. 5.5.7 Page load processing model for inline content that doesn't have a DOM
      8. 5.5.8 Navigating to a fragment identifier
      9. 5.5.9 History traversal
         1. 5.5.9.1 Event definitions
      10. 5.5.10 Unloading documents
          1. 5.5.10.1 Event definition
      11. 5.5.11 Aborting a document load
   6. 5.6 Offline Web applications
      1. 5.6.1 Introduction
         1. 5.6.1.1 Event summary
      2. 5.6.2 Application caches
      3. 5.6.3 The cache manifest syntax
         1. 5.6.3.1 Some sample manifests
         2. 5.6.3.2 Writing cache manifests
         3. 5.6.3.3 Parsing cache manifests
      4. 5.6.4 Downloading or updating an application cache
      5. 5.6.5 The application cache selection algorithm
      6. 5.6.6 Changes to the networking model
      7. 5.6.7 Expiring application caches
      8. 5.6.8 Disk space
      9. 5.6.9 Application cache API
      10. 5.6.10 Browser state
6. 6 Web application APIs
   1. 6.1 Scripting
      1. 6.1.1 Introduction
      2. 6.1.2 Enabling and disabling scripting
      3. 6.1.3 Processing model
         1. 6.1.3.1 Definitions
         2. 6.1.3.2 Calling scripts
         3. 6.1.3.3 Creating scripts
         4. 6.1.3.4 Killing scripts
      4. 6.1.4 Event loops
         1. 6.1.4.1 Definitions
         2. 6.1.4.2 Processing model
         3. 6.1.4.3 Generic task sources
      5. 6.1.5 The javascript: protocol
      6. 6.1.6 Events
         1. 6.1.6.1 Event handlers
         2. 6.1.6.2 Event handlers on elements, Document objects, and Window objects
         3. 6.1.6.3 Event firing
         4. 6.1.6.4 Events and the Window object
         5. 6.1.6.5 Runtime script errors
   2. 6.2 Timers
   3. 6.3 User prompts
      1. 6.3.1 Simple dialogs
      2. 6.3.2 Printing
      3. 6.3.3 Dialogs implemented using separate documents
   4. 6.4 System state and capabilities: the Navigator object
      1. 6.4.1 Client identification
      2. 6.4.2 Custom scheme and content handlers
         1. 6.4.2.1 Security and privacy
         2. 6.4.2.2 Sample user interface
      3. 6.4.3 Manually releasing the storage mutex
7. 7 User interaction
   1. 7.1 The hidden attribute
   2. 7.2 Activation
   3. 7.3 Scrolling elements into view
   4. 7.4 Focus
      1. 7.4.1 Sequential focus navigation and the tabindex attribute
      2. 7.4.2 Focus management
      3. 7.4.3 Document-level focus APIs
      4. 7.4.4 Element-level focus APIs
   5. 7.5 Assigning keyboard shortcuts
      1. 7.5.1 Introduction
      2. 7.5.2 The accesskey attribute
      3. 7.5.3 Processing model
   6. 7.6 The contenteditable attribute
      1. 7.6.1 User editing actions
      2. 7.6.2 Making entire documents editable
   7. 7.7 Spelling and grammar checking
   8. 7.8 Drag and drop
      1. 7.8.1 Introduction
      2. 7.8.2 The DragEvent and DataTransfer interfaces
      3. 7.8.3 Events fired during a drag-and-drop action
      4. 7.8.4 Drag-and-drop processing model
         1. 7.8.4.1 When the drag-and-drop operation starts or ends in another document
         2. 7.8.4.2 When the drag-and-drop operation starts or ends in another application
      5. 7.8.5 The draggable attribute
      6. 7.8.6 Security risks in the drag-and-drop model
   9. 7.9 Undo history
      1. 7.9.1 Definitions
      2. 7.9.2 The UndoManager interface
      3. 7.9.3 Undo: moving back in the undo transaction history
      4. 7.9.4 Redo: moving forward in the undo transaction history
      5. 7.9.5 The UndoManagerEvent interface and the undo and redo events
      6. 7.9.6 Implementation notes
   10. 7.10 Editing APIs
8. 8 The HTML syntax
   1. 8.1 Writing HTML documents
      1. 8.1.1 The DOCTYPE
      2. 8.1.2 Elements
         1. 8.1.2.1 Start tags
         2. 8.1.2.2 End tags
         3. 8.1.2.3 Attributes
         4. 8.1.2.4 Optional tags
         5. 8.1.2.5 Restrictions on content models
         6. 8.1.2.6 Restrictions on the contents of raw text and RCDATA elements
      3. 8.1.3 Text
         1. 8.1.3.1 Newlines
      4. 8.1.4 Character references
      5. 8.1.5 CDATA sections
      6. 8.1.6 Comments
   2. 8.2 Parsing HTML documents
      1. 8.2.1 Overview of the parsing model
      2. 8.2.2 The input stream
         1. 8.2.2.1 Determining the character encoding
         2. 8.2.2.2 Character encodings
         3. 8.2.2.3 Preprocessing the input stream
         4. 8.2.2.4 Changing the encoding while parsing
      3. 8.2.3 Parse state
         1. 8.2.3.1 The insertion mode
         2. 8.2.3.2 The stack of open elements
         3. 8.2.3.3 The list of active formatting elements
         4. 8.2.3.4 The element pointers
         5. 8.2.3.5 Other parsing state flags
      4. 8.2.4 Tokenization
         1. 8.2.4.1 Data state
         2. 8.2.4.2 Character reference in data state
         3. 8.2.4.3 RCDATA state
         4. 8.2.4.4 Character reference in RCDATA state
         5. 8.2.4.5 RAWTEXT state
         6. 8.2.4.6 Script data state
         7. 8.2.4.7 PLAINTEXT state
         8. 8.2.4.8 Tag open state
         9. 8.2.4.9 End tag open state
         10. 8.2.4.10 Tag name state
         11. 8.2.4.11 RCDATA less-than sign state
         12. 8.2.4.12 RCDATA end tag open state
         13. 8.2.4.13 RCDATA end tag name state
         14. 8.2.4.14 RAWTEXT less-than sign state
         15. 8.2.4.15 RAWTEXT end tag open state
         16. 8.2.4.16 RAWTEXT end tag name state
         17. 8.2.4.17 Script data less-than sign state
         18. 8.2.4.18 Script data end tag open state
         19. 8.2.4.19 Script data end tag name state
         20. 8.2.4.20 Script data escape start state
         21. 8.2.4.21 Script data escape start dash state
         22. 8.2.4.22 Script data escaped state
         23. 8.2.4.23 Script data escaped dash state
         24. 8.2.4.24 Script data escaped dash dash state
         25. 8.2.4.25 Script data escaped less-than sign state
         26. 8.2.4.26 Script data escaped end tag open state
         27. 8.2.4.27 Script data escaped end tag name state
         28. 8.2.4.28 Script data double escape start state
         29. 8.2.4.29 Script data double escaped state
         30. 8.2.4.30 Script data double escaped dash state
         31. 8.2.4.31 Script data double escaped dash dash state
         32. 8.2.4.32 Script data double escaped less-than sign state
         33. 8.2.4.33 Script data double escape end state
         34. 8.2.4.34 Before attribute name state
         35. 8.2.4.35 Attribute name state
         36. 8.2.4.36 After attribute name state
         37. 8.2.4.37 Before attribute value state
         38. 8.2.4.38 Attribute value (double-quoted) state
         39. 8.2.4.39 Attribute value (single-quoted) state
         40. 8.2.4.40 Attribute value (unquoted) state
         41. 8.2.4.41 Character reference in attribute value state
         42. 8.2.4.42 After attribute value (quoted) state
         43. 8.2.4.43 Self-closing start tag state
         44. 8.2.4.44 Bogus comment state
         45. 8.2.4.45 Markup declaration open state
         46. 8.2.4.46 Comment start state
         47. 8.2.4.47 Comment start dash state
         48. 8.2.4.48 Comment state
         49. 8.2.4.49 Comment end dash state
         50. 8.2.4.50 Comment end state
         51. 8.2.4.51 Comment end bang state
         52. 8.2.4.52 DOCTYPE state
         53. 8.2.4.53 Before DOCTYPE name state
         54. 8.2.4.54 DOCTYPE name state
         55. 8.2.4.55 After DOCTYPE name state
         56. 8.2.4.56 After DOCTYPE public keyword state
         57. 8.2.4.57 Before DOCTYPE public identifier state
         58. 8.2.4.58 DOCTYPE public identifier (double-quoted) state
         59. 8.2.4.59 DOCTYPE public identifier (single-quoted) state
         60. 8.2.4.60 After DOCTYPE public identifier state
         61. 8.2.4.61 Between DOCTYPE public and system identifiers state
         62. 8.2.4.62 After DOCTYPE system keyword state
         63. 8.2.4.63 Before DOCTYPE system identifier state
         64. 8.2.4.64 DOCTYPE system identifier (double-quoted) state
         65. 8.2.4.65 DOCTYPE system identifier (single-quoted) state
         66. 8.2.4.66 After DOCTYPE system identifier state
         67. 8.2.4.67 Bogus DOCTYPE state
         68. 8.2.4.68 CDATA section state
         69. 8.2.4.69 Tokenizing character references
      5. 8.2.5 Tree construction
         1. 8.2.5.1 Creating and inserting elements
         2. 8.2.5.2 Closing elements that have implied end tags
         3. 8.2.5.3 Foster parenting
         4. 8.2.5.4 The "initial" insertion mode
         5. 8.2.5.5 The "before html" insertion mode
         6. 8.2.5.6 The "before head" insertion mode
         7. 8.2.5.7 The "in head" insertion mode
         8. 8.2.5.8 The "in head noscript" insertion mode
         9. 8.2.5.9 The "after head" insertion mode
         10. 8.2.5.10 The "in body" insertion mode
         11. 8.2.5.11 The "text" insertion mode
         12. 8.2.5.12 The "in table" insertion mode
         13. 8.2.5.13 The "in table text" insertion mode
         14. 8.2.5.14 The "in caption" insertion mode
         15. 8.2.5.15 The "in column group" insertion mode
         16. 8.2.5.16 The "in table body" insertion mode
         17. 8.2.5.17 The "in row" insertion mode
         18. 8.2.5.18 The "in cell" insertion mode
         19. 8.2.5.19 The "in select" insertion mode
         20. 8.2.5.20 The "in select in table" insertion mode
         21. 8.2.5.21 The "in foreign content" insertion mode
         22. 8.2.5.22 The "after body" insertion mode
         23. 8.2.5.23 The "in frameset" insertion mode
         24. 8.2.5.24 The "after frameset" insertion mode
         25. 8.2.5.25 The "after after body" insertion mode
         26. 8.2.5.26 The "after after frameset" insertion mode
      6. 8.2.6 The end
      7. 8.2.7 Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset
      8. 8.2.8 An introduction to error handling and strange cases in the parser
         1. 8.2.8.1 Misnested tags: <b><i></b></i>
         2. 8.2.8.2 Misnested tags: <b><p></b></p>
         3. 8.2.8.3 Unexpected markup in tables
         4. 8.2.8.4 Scripts that modify the page as it is being parsed
   3. 8.3 Serializing HTML fragments
   4. 8.4 Parsing HTML fragments
   5. 8.5 Named character references
9. 9 The XHTML syntax
   1. 9.1 Writing XHTML documents
   2. 9.2 Parsing XHTML documents
   3. 9.3 Serializing XHTML fragments
   4. 9.4 Parsing XHTML fragments
10. 10 Rendering
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 The CSS user agent style sheet and presentational hints
       1. 10.2.1 Introduction
       2. 10.2.2 Display types
       3. 10.2.3 Margins and padding
       4. 10.2.4 Alignment
       5. 10.2.5 Fonts and colors
       6. 10.2.6 Punctuation and decorations
       7. 10.2.7 Resetting rules for inherited properties
       8. 10.2.8 The hr element
       9. 10.2.9 The fieldset element
    3. 10.3 Replaced elements
       1. 10.3.1 Embedded content
       2. 10.3.2 Images
       3. 10.3.3 Attributes for embedded content and images
       4. 10.3.4 Image maps
       5. 10.3.5 Toolbars
    4. 10.4 Bindings
       1. 10.4.1 Introduction
       2. 10.4.2 The button element
       3. 10.4.3 The details element
       4. 10.4.4 The input element as a text entry widget
       5. 10.4.5 The input element as domain-specific widgets
       6. 10.4.6 The input element as a range control
       7. 10.4.7 The input element as a color well
       8. 10.4.8 The input element as a check box and radio button widgets
       9. 10.4.9 The input element as a file upload control
       10. 10.4.10 The input element as a button
       11. 10.4.11 The marquee element
       12. 10.4.12 The meter element
       13. 10.4.13 The progress element
       14. 10.4.14 The select element
       15. 10.4.15 The textarea element
       16. 10.4.16 The keygen element
       17. 10.4.17 The time element
    5. 10.5 Frames and framesets
    6. 10.6 Interactive media
       1. 10.6.1 Links, forms, and navigation
       2. 10.6.2 The title attribute
       3. 10.6.3 Editing hosts
    7. 10.7 Print media
11. 11 Obsolete features
    1. 11.1 Obsolete but conforming features
       1. 11.1.1 Warnings for obsolete but conforming features
    2. 11.2 Non-conforming features
    3. 11.3 Requirements for implementations
       1. 11.3.1 The applet element
       2. 11.3.2 The marquee element
       3. 11.3.3 Frames
       4. 11.3.4 Other elements, attributes and APIs
12. 12 IANA considerations
    1. 12.1 text/html
    2. 12.2 text/html-sandboxed
    3. 12.3 application/xhtml+xml
    4. 12.4 text/cache-manifest
13. Index
    1. Elements
    2. Element content categories
    3. Attributes
    4. Interfaces
    5. Events
14. References
15. Acknowledgements