HTML 5

Abstract

This specification defines the 5th major revision of the core language of the World Wide Web: the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In this version, new features are introduced to help Web application authors, new elements are introduced based on research into prevailing authoring practices, and special attention has been given to defining clear conformance criteria for user agents in an effort to improve interoperability.

Status of this document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the most recently formally published revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

The WHATWG version of this specification is available under a license that permits reuse of the specification text.

If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to public-html-comments@w3.org (subscribe, archives) or whatwg@whatwg.org (subscribe, archives), or submit them using our public bug database. All feedback is welcome.

We maintain a list of all e-mails that have not yet been considered and a list of all bug reports that have not yet been resolved.

Implementors should be aware that this specification is not stable. Implementors who are not taking part in the discussions are likely to find the specification changing out from under them in incompatible ways. Vendors interested in implementing this specification before it eventually reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage should join the aforementioned mailing lists and take part in the discussions.

The publication of this document by the W3C as a W3C Working Draft does not imply that all of the participants in the W3C HTML working group endorse the contents of the specification. Indeed, for any section of the specification, one can usually find many members of the working group or of the W3C as a whole who object strongly to the current text, the existence of the section at all, or the idea that the working group should even spend time discussing the concept of that section.

The latest stable version of the editor's draft of this specification is always available on the W3C CVS server and in the WHATWG Subversion repository. The latest editor's working copy (which may contain unfinished text in the process of being prepared) is also available.

There are various ways to follow the change history for the specification:

E-mail notifications of changes

HTML-Diffs mailing list (diff-marked HTML versions for each change): https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-html-diffs/latest

Commit-Watchers mailing list (complete source diffs): https://lists.whatwg.org/listinfo.cgi/commit-watchers-whatwg.org

Real-time notifications of changes:

Generated diff-marked HTML versions for each change: https://twitter.com/HTML5

All (non-editorial) changes to the spec source: https://twitter.com/WHATWG

Browsable version-control record of all changes:

CVSWeb interface with side-by-side diffs: https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/html5/spec/Overview.html

Annotated summary with unified diffs: https://html5.org/tools/web-apps-tracker

Raw Subversion interface: svn checkout https://svn.whatwg.org/webapps/

The W3C HTML Working Group is the W3C working group responsible for this specification's progress along the W3C Recommendation track. This specification is the 12 February 2009 Working Draft.

This specification is also being produced by the WHATWG. The two specifications are identical from the table of contents onwards.

This specification is intended to replace (be a new version of) what was previously the HTML4, XHTML 1.0, and DOM2 HTML specifications.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

Stability

Different parts of this specification are at different levels of maturity.

Some of the more major known issues are marked like this. There are many other issues that have been raised as well; the issues given in this document are not the only known issues! Also, firing of events needs to be unified (right now some bubble, some don't, they all use different text to fire events, etc).

Table of contents

1. 1 Introduction
   1. 1.1 Background
   2. 1.2 Audience
   3. 1.3 Scope
   4. 1.4 History
   5. 1.5 Relationships to other specifications
      1. 1.5.1 Relationship to HTML 4.01 and DOM2 HTML
      2. 1.5.2 Relationship to XHTML 1.x
      3. 1.5.3 Relationship to XHTML2 and XForms
      4. 1.5.4 Relationship to Flash, Silverlight, XUL and similar proprietary languages
   6. 1.6 HTML vs XHTML
   7. 1.7 Structure of this specification
      1. 1.7.1 How to read this specification
      2. 1.7.2 Typographic conventions
2. 2 Common infrastructure
   1. 2.1 Terminology
      1. 2.1.1 XML
      2. 2.1.2 DOM trees
      3. 2.1.3 Scripting
      4. 2.1.4 Plugins
      5. 2.1.5 Character encodings
   2. 2.2 Conformance requirements
      1. 2.2.1 Dependencies
      2. 2.2.2 Features defined in other specifications
      3. 2.2.3 Common conformance requirements for APIs exposed to JavaScript
   3. 2.3 Case-sensitivity and string comparison
   4. 2.4 Common microsyntaxes
      1. 2.4.1 Common parser idioms
      2. 2.4.2 Boolean attributes
      3. 2.4.3 Numbers
         1. 2.4.3.1 Non-negative integers
         2. 2.4.3.2 Signed integers
         3. 2.4.3.3 Real numbers
         4. 2.4.3.4 Ratios
         5. 2.4.3.5 Percentages and lengths
         6. 2.4.3.6 Lists of integers
         7. 2.4.3.7 Lists of dimensions
      4. 2.4.4 Dates and times
         1. 2.4.4.1 Months
         2. 2.4.4.2 Dates
         3. 2.4.4.3 Times
         4. 2.4.4.4 Local dates and times
         5. 2.4.4.5 Global dates and times
         6. 2.4.4.6 Weeks
         7. 2.4.4.7 Vaguer moments in time
      5. 2.4.5 Colors
      6. 2.4.6 Space-separated tokens
      7. 2.4.7 Comma-separated tokens
      8. 2.4.8 Keywords and enumerated attributes
      9. 2.4.9 References
   5. 2.5 URLs
      1. 2.5.1 Terminology
      2. 2.5.2 Parsing URLs
      3. 2.5.3 Resolving URLs
      4. 2.5.4 Dynamic changes to base URLs
      5. 2.5.5 Interfaces for URL manipulation
   6. 2.6 Fetching resources
      1. 2.6.1 Protocol concepts
      2. 2.6.2 Encrypted HTTP and related security concerns
   7. 2.7 Determining the type of a resource
      1. 2.7.1 Content-Type metadata
      2. 2.7.2 Content-Type sniffing: Web pages
      3. 2.7.3 Content-Type sniffing: text or binary
      4. 2.7.4 Content-Type sniffing: unknown type
      5. 2.7.5 Content-Type sniffing: image
      6. 2.7.6 Content-Type sniffing: feed or HTML
   8. 2.8 Common DOM interfaces
      1. 2.8.1 Reflecting content attributes in DOM attributes
      2. 2.8.2 Collections
         1. 2.8.2.1 HTMLCollection
         2. 2.8.2.2 HTMLFormControlsCollection
         3. 2.8.2.3 HTMLOptionsCollection
      3. 2.8.3 DOMTokenList
      4. 2.8.4 Safe passing of structured data
      5. 2.8.5 DOMStringMap
      6. 2.8.6 DOM feature strings
      7. 2.8.7 Exceptions
      8. 2.8.8 Garbage collection
3. 3 Semantics and structure of HTML documents
   1. 3.1 Introduction
   2. 3.2 Documents
      1. 3.2.1 Documents in the DOM
      2. 3.2.2 Security
      3. 3.2.3 Resource metadata management
      4. 3.2.4 DOM tree accessors
   3. 3.3 Elements
      1. 3.3.1 Semantics
      2. 3.3.2 Elements in the DOM
      3. 3.3.3 Global attributes
         1. 3.3.3.1 The id attribute
         2. 3.3.3.2 The title attribute
         3. 3.3.3.3 The lang and xml:lang attributes
         4. 3.3.3.4 The xml:base attribute (XML only)
         5. 3.3.3.5 The dir attribute
         6. 3.3.3.6 The class attribute
         7. 3.3.3.7 The style attribute
         8. 3.3.3.8 Embedding custom non-visible data
   4. 3.4 Content models
      1. 3.4.1 Kinds of content
         1. 3.4.1.1 Metadata content
         2. 3.4.1.2 Flow content
         3. 3.4.1.3 Sectioning content
         4. 3.4.1.4 Heading content
         5. 3.4.1.5 Phrasing content
         6. 3.4.1.6 Embedded content
         7. 3.4.1.7 Interactive content
      2. 3.4.2 Transparent content models
   5. 3.5 Paragraphs
   6. 3.6 APIs in HTML documents
   7. 3.7 Dynamic markup insertion
      1. 3.7.1 Controlling the input stream
      2. 3.7.2 document.write()
      3. 3.7.3 document.writeln()
      4. 3.7.4 innerHTML
      5. 3.7.5 outerHTML
      6. 3.7.6 insertAdjacentHTML()
4. 4 The elements of HTML
   1. 4.1 The root element
      1. 4.1.1 The html element
   2. 4.2 Document metadata
      1. 4.2.1 The head element
      2. 4.2.2 The title element
      3. 4.2.3 The base element
      4. 4.2.4 The link element
      5. 4.2.5 The meta element
         1. 4.2.5.1 Standard metadata names
         2. 4.2.5.2 Other metadata names
         3. 4.2.5.3 Pragma directives
         4. 4.2.5.4 Other pragma directives
         5. 4.2.5.5 Specifying the document's character encoding
      6. 4.2.6 The style element
      7. 4.2.7 Styling
   3. 4.3 Scripting
      1. 4.3.1 The script element
         1. 4.3.1.1 Scripting languages
         2. 4.3.1.2 Inline documentation for external scripts
      2. 4.3.2 The noscript element
      3. 4.3.3 The eventsource element
   4. 4.4 Sections
      1. 4.4.1 The body element
      2. 4.4.2 The section element
      3. 4.4.3 The nav element
      4. 4.4.4 The article element
      5. 4.4.5 The aside element
      6. 4.4.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements
      7. 4.4.7 The header element
      8. 4.4.8 The footer element
      9. 4.4.9 The address element
      10. 4.4.10 Headings and sections
          1. 4.4.10.1 Creating an outline
          2. 4.4.10.2 Distinguishing site-wide headings from page headings
   5. 4.5 Grouping content
      1. 4.5.1 The p element
      2. 4.5.2 The hr element
      3. 4.5.3 The br element
      4. 4.5.4 The pre element
      5. 4.5.5 The dialog element
      6. 4.5.6 The blockquote element
      7. 4.5.7 The ol element
      8. 4.5.8 The ul element
      9. 4.5.9 The li element
      10. 4.5.10 The dl element
      11. 4.5.11 The dt element
      12. 4.5.12 The dd element
      13. 4.5.13 Common grouping idioms
          1. 4.5.13.1 Tag clouds
   6. 4.6 Text-level semantics
      1. 4.6.1 The a element
      2. 4.6.2 The q element
      3. 4.6.3 The cite element
      4. 4.6.4 The em element
      5. 4.6.5 The strong element
      6. 4.6.6 The small element
      7. 4.6.7 The mark element
      8. 4.6.8 The dfn element
      9. 4.6.9 The abbr element
      10. 4.6.10 The time element
      11. 4.6.11 The progress element
      12. 4.6.12 The meter element
      13. 4.6.13 The code element
      14. 4.6.14 The var element
      15. 4.6.15 The samp element
      16. 4.6.16 The kbd element
      17. 4.6.17 The sub and sup elements
      18. 4.6.18 The span element
      19. 4.6.19 The i element
      20. 4.6.20 The b element
      21. 4.6.21 The bdo element
      22. 4.6.22 The ruby element
      23. 4.6.23 The rt element
      24. 4.6.24 The rp element
      25. 4.6.25 Usage summary
      26. 4.6.26 Footnotes
   7. 4.7 Edits
      1. 4.7.1 The ins element
      2. 4.7.2 The del element
      3. 4.7.3 Attributes common to ins and del elements
      4. 4.7.4 Edits and paragraphs
      5. 4.7.5 Edits and lists
   8. 4.8 Embedded content
      1. 4.8.1 The figure element
      2. 4.8.2 The img element
         1. 4.8.2.1 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images
            1. 4.8.2.1.1 A link or button containing nothing but the image
            2. 4.8.2.1.2 A phrase or paragraph with an alternative graphical representation: charts, diagrams, graphs, maps, illustrations
            3. 4.8.2.1.3 A short phrase or label with an alternative graphical representation: icons, logos
            4. 4.8.2.1.4 Text that has been rendered to a graphic for typographical effect
            5. 4.8.2.1.5 A graphical representation of some of the surrounding text
            6. 4.8.2.1.6 A purely decorative image that doesn't add any information
            7. 4.8.2.1.7 A group of images that form a single larger picture with no links
            8. 4.8.2.1.8 A group of images that form a single larger picture with links
            9. 4.8.2.1.9 A key part of the content
            10. 4.8.2.1.10 An image not intended for the user
            11. 4.8.2.1.11 An image in an e-mail or document intended for a specific person who is known to be able to view images
            12. 4.8.2.1.12 General guidelines
            13. 4.8.2.1.13 Guidance for markup generators
      3. 4.8.3 The iframe element
      4. 4.8.4 The embed element
      5. 4.8.5 The object element
      6. 4.8.6 The param element
      7. 4.8.7 The video element
         1. 4.8.7.1 Video and audio codecs for video elements
      8. 4.8.8 The audio element
         1. 4.8.8.1 Audio codecs for audio elements
      9. 4.8.9 The source element
      10. 4.8.10 Media elements
          1. 4.8.10.1 Error codes
          2. 4.8.10.2 Location of the media resource
          3. 4.8.10.3 Media types
          4. 4.8.10.4 Network states
          5. 4.8.10.5 Loading the media resource
          6. 4.8.10.6 Offsets into the media resource
          7. 4.8.10.7 The ready states
          8. 4.8.10.8 Cue ranges
          9. 4.8.10.9 Playing the media resource
          10. 4.8.10.10 Seeking
          11. 4.8.10.11 User interface
          12. 4.8.10.12 Time ranges
          13. 4.8.10.13 Event summary
          14. 4.8.10.14 Security and privacy considerations
      11. 4.8.11 The canvas element
          1. 4.8.11.1 The 2D context
             1. 4.8.11.1.1 The canvas state
             2. 4.8.11.1.2 Transformations
             3. 4.8.11.1.3 Compositing
             4. 4.8.11.1.4 Colors and styles
             5. 4.8.11.1.5 Line styles
             6. 4.8.11.1.6 Shadows
             7. 4.8.11.1.7 Simple shapes (rectangles)
             8. 4.8.11.1.8 Complex shapes (paths)
             9. 4.8.11.1.9 Text
             10. 4.8.11.1.10 Images
             11. 4.8.11.1.11 Pixel manipulation
             12. 4.8.11.1.12 Drawing model
          2. 4.8.11.2 Color spaces and color correction
          3. 4.8.11.3 Security with canvas elements
      12. 4.8.12 The map element
      13. 4.8.13 The area element
      14. 4.8.14 Image maps
          1. 4.8.14.1 Authoring
          2. 4.8.14.2 Processing model
      15. 4.8.15 MathML
      16. 4.8.16 SVG
      17. 4.8.17 Dimension attributes
   9. 4.9 Tabular data
      1. 4.9.1 Introduction
      2. 4.9.2 The table element
      3. 4.9.3 The caption element
      4. 4.9.4 The colgroup element
      5. 4.9.5 The col element
      6. 4.9.6 The tbody element
      7. 4.9.7 The thead element
      8. 4.9.8 The tfoot element
      9. 4.9.9 The tr element
      10. 4.9.10 The td element
      11. 4.9.11 The th element
      12. 4.9.12 Attributes common to td and th elements
      13. 4.9.13 Processing model
          1. 4.9.13.1 Forming a table
          2. 4.9.13.2 Forming relationships between data cells and header cells
   10. 4.10 Forms
       1. 4.10.1 The form element
       2. 4.10.2 The fieldset element
       3. 4.10.3 The label element
       4. 4.10.4 The input element
          1. 4.10.4.1 States of the type attribute
             1. 4.10.4.1.1 Hidden state
             2. 4.10.4.1.2 Text state and Search state
             3. 4.10.4.1.3 URL state
             4. 4.10.4.1.4 E-mail state
             5. 4.10.4.1.5 Password state
             6. 4.10.4.1.6 Date and Time state
             7. 4.10.4.1.7 Date state
             8. 4.10.4.1.8 Month state
             9. 4.10.4.1.9 Week state
             10. 4.10.4.1.10 Time state
             11. 4.10.4.1.11 Local Date and Time state
             12. 4.10.4.1.12 Number state
             13. 4.10.4.1.13 Range state
             14. 4.10.4.1.14 Color state
             15. 4.10.4.1.15 Checkbox state
             16. 4.10.4.1.16 Radio Button state
             17. 4.10.4.1.17 File Upload state
             18. 4.10.4.1.18 Submit Button state
             19. 4.10.4.1.19 Image Button state
             20. 4.10.4.1.20 Reset Button state
             21. 4.10.4.1.21 Button state
          2. 4.10.4.2 Common input element attributes
             1. 4.10.4.2.1 The autocomplete attribute
             2. 4.10.4.2.2 The list attribute
             3. 4.10.4.2.3 The readonly attribute
             4. 4.10.4.2.4 The size attribute
             5. 4.10.4.2.5 The required attribute
             6. 4.10.4.2.6 The multiple attribute
             7. 4.10.4.2.7 The maxlength attribute
             8. 4.10.4.2.8 The pattern attribute
             9. 4.10.4.2.9 The min and max attributes
             10. 4.10.4.2.10 The step attribute
             11. 4.10.4.2.11 The placeholder attribute
          3. 4.10.4.3 Common input element APIs
          4. 4.10.4.4 Common event behaviors
       5. 4.10.5 The button element
       6. 4.10.6 The select element
       7. 4.10.7 The datalist element
       8. 4.10.8 The optgroup element
       9. 4.10.9 The option element
       10. 4.10.10 The textarea element
       11. 4.10.11 The output element
       12. 4.10.12 Association of controls and forms
       13. 4.10.13 Attributes common to form controls
           1. 4.10.13.1 Naming form controls
           2. 4.10.13.2 Enabling and disabling form controls
           3. 4.10.13.3 A form control's value
           4. 4.10.13.4 Autofocusing a form control
           5. 4.10.13.5 Limiting user input length
           6. 4.10.13.6 Form submission
       14. 4.10.14 Constraints
           1. 4.10.14.1 Definitions
           2. 4.10.14.2 Constraint validation
           3. 4.10.14.3 The constraint validation API
           4. 4.10.14.4 Security
       15. 4.10.15 Form submission
           1. 4.10.15.1 Implicit submission
           2. 4.10.15.2 Form submission algorithm
           3. 4.10.15.3 URL-encoded form data
           4. 4.10.15.4 Multipart form data
           5. 4.10.15.5 Plain text form data
       16. 4.10.16 Resetting a form
       17. 4.10.17 Event dispatch
   11. 4.11 Interactive elements
       1. 4.11.1 The details element
       2. 4.11.2 The datagrid element
          1. 4.11.2.1 The datagrid data model
          2. 4.11.2.2 How rows are identified
          3. 4.11.2.3 The data provider interface
          4. 4.11.2.4 The default data provider
             1. 4.11.2.4.1 Common default data provider method definitions for cells
          5. 4.11.2.5 Populating the datagrid element
          6. 4.11.2.6 Updating the datagrid
          7. 4.11.2.7 Requirements for interactive user agents
          8. 4.11.2.8 The selection
          9. 4.11.2.9 Columns and captions
       3. 4.11.3 The command element
       4. 4.11.4 The bb element
          1. 4.11.4.1 Browser button types
             1. 4.11.4.1.1 The make application state
       5. 4.11.5 The menu element
          1. 4.11.5.1 Introduction
          2. 4.11.5.2 Building menus and tool bars
          3. 4.11.5.3 Context menus
          4. 4.11.5.4 Tool bars
       6. 4.11.6 Commands
          1. 4.11.6.1 Using the a element to define a command
          2. 4.11.6.2 Using the button element to define a command
          3. 4.11.6.3 Using the input element to define a command
          4. 4.11.6.4 Using the option element to define a command
          5. 4.11.6.5 Using the command element to define a command
          6. 4.11.6.6 Using the bb element to define a command
   12. 4.12 Miscellaneous elements
       1. 4.12.1 The legend element
       2. 4.12.2 The div element
   13. 4.13 Matching HTML elements using selectors
5. 5 Web browsers
   1. 5.1 Browsing contexts
      1. 5.1.1 Nested browsing contexts
         1. 5.1.1.1 Navigating nested browsing contexts in the DOM
      2. 5.1.2 Auxiliary browsing contexts
         1. 5.1.2.1 Navigating auxiliary browsing contexts in the DOM
      3. 5.1.3 Secondary browsing contexts
      4. 5.1.4 Security
      5. 5.1.5 Groupings of browsing contexts
      6. 5.1.6 Browsing context names
   2. 5.2 The WindowProxy object
   3. 5.3 The Window object
      1. 5.3.1 Security
      2. 5.3.2 APIs for creating and navigating browsing contexts by name
      3. 5.3.3 Accessing other browsing contexts
      4. 5.3.4 Garbage collection and browsing contexts
      5. 5.3.5 Named access on the Window object
      6. 5.3.6 Browser interface elements
   4. 5.4 Origin
      1. 5.4.1 Relaxing the same-origin restriction
   5. 5.5 Scripting
      1. 5.5.1 Introduction
      2. 5.5.2 Enabling and disabling scripting
      3. 5.5.3 Processing model
         1. 5.5.3.1 Definitions
         2. 5.5.3.2 Calling scripts
         3. 5.5.3.3 Creating scripts
         4. 5.5.3.4 Killing scripts
      4. 5.5.4 Event loops
         1. 5.5.4.1 Generic task sources
      5. 5.5.5 The javascript: protocol
      6. 5.5.6 Events
         1. 5.5.6.1 Event handler attributes
         2. 5.5.6.2 Event handler attributes on elements and on Window objects
         3. 5.5.6.3 Event firing
         4. 5.5.6.4 Events and the Window object
         5. 5.5.6.5 Runtime script errors
   6. 5.6 User prompts
      1. 5.6.1 Simple dialogs
      2. 5.6.2 Printing
      3. 5.6.3 Dialogs implemented using separate documents
   7. 5.7 System state and capabilities
      1. 5.7.1 Client identification
      2. 5.7.2 Custom protocol and content handlers
         1. 5.7.2.1 Security and privacy
         2. 5.7.2.2 Sample user interface
   8. 5.8 Offline Web applications
      1. 5.8.1 Introduction
      2. 5.8.2 Application caches
      3. 5.8.3 The cache manifest syntax
         1. 5.8.3.1 A sample manifest
         2. 5.8.3.2 Writing cache manifests
         3. 5.8.3.3 Parsing cache manifests
      4. 5.8.4 Updating an application cache
      5. 5.8.5 Matching a fallback namespace
      6. 5.8.6 The application cache selection algorithm
         1. 5.8.6.1 Changes to the networking model
      7. 5.8.7 Application cache API
      8. 5.8.8 Browser state
   9. 5.9 Session history and navigation
      1. 5.9.1 The session history of browsing contexts
      2. 5.9.2 The History interface
      3. 5.9.3 Activating state object entries
      4. 5.9.4 The Location interface
         1. 5.9.4.1 Security
      5. 5.9.5 Implementation notes for session history
   10. 5.10 Browsing the Web
       1. 5.10.1 Navigating across documents
       2. 5.10.2 Page load processing model for HTML files
       3. 5.10.3 Page load processing model for XML files
       4. 5.10.4 Page load processing model for text files
       5. 5.10.5 Page load processing model for images
       6. 5.10.6 Page load processing model for content that uses plugins
       7. 5.10.7 Page load processing model for inline content that doesn't have a DOM
       8. 5.10.8 Navigating to a fragment identifier
       9. 5.10.9 History traversal
       10. 5.10.10 Unloading documents
           1. 5.10.10.1 Event definition
   11. 5.11 Structured client-side storage
       1. 5.11.1 Storing name/value pairs
          1. 5.11.1.1 Introduction
          2. 5.11.1.2 The Storage interface
          3. 5.11.1.3 The sessionStorage attribute
          4. 5.11.1.4 The localStorage attribute
          5. 5.11.1.5 The storage event
             1. 5.11.1.5.1 Event definition
          6. 5.11.1.6 Threads
       2. 5.11.2 Database storage
          1. 5.11.2.1 Introduction
          2. 5.11.2.2 Databases
          3. 5.11.2.3 Executing SQL statements
          4. 5.11.2.4 Database query results
          5. 5.11.2.5 Errors
          6. 5.11.2.6 Processing model
       3. 5.11.3 Disk space
       4. 5.11.4 Privacy
          1. 5.11.4.1 User tracking
          2. 5.11.4.2 Cookie resurrection
       5. 5.11.5 Security
          1. 5.11.5.1 DNS spoofing attacks
          2. 5.11.5.2 Cross-directory attacks
          3. 5.11.5.3 Implementation risks
          4. 5.11.5.4 SQL and user agents
          5. 5.11.5.5 SQL injection
   12. 5.12 Links
       1. 5.12.1 Hyperlink elements
       2. 5.12.2 Following hyperlinks
          1. 5.12.2.1 Hyperlink auditing
       3. 5.12.3 Link types
          1. 5.12.3.1 Link type "alternate"
          2. 5.12.3.2 Link type "archives"
          3. 5.12.3.3 Link type "author"
          4. 5.12.3.4 Link type "bookmark"
          5. 5.12.3.5 Link type "external"
          6. 5.12.3.6 Link type "feed"
          7. 5.12.3.7 Link type "help"
          8. 5.12.3.8 Link type "icon"
          9. 5.12.3.9 Link type "license"
          10. 5.12.3.10 Link type "nofollow"
          11. 5.12.3.11 Link type "noreferrer"
          12. 5.12.3.12 Link type "pingback"
          13. 5.12.3.13 Link type "prefetch"
          14. 5.12.3.14 Link type "search"
          15. 5.12.3.15 Link type "stylesheet"
          16. 5.12.3.16 Link type "sidebar"
          17. 5.12.3.17 Link type "tag"
          18. 5.12.3.18 Hierarchical link types
              1. 5.12.3.18.1 Link type "index"
              2. 5.12.3.18.2 Link type "up"
          19. 5.12.3.19 Sequential link types
              1. 5.12.3.19.1 Link type "first"
              2. 5.12.3.19.2 Link type "last"
              3. 5.12.3.19.3 Link type "next"
              4. 5.12.3.19.4 Link type "prev"
          20. 5.12.3.20 Other link types
6. 6 User Interaction
   1. 6.1 Introduction
   2. 6.2 The hidden attribute
   3. 6.3 Activation
   4. 6.4 Scrolling elements into view
   5. 6.5 Focus
      1. 6.5.1 Sequential focus navigation
      2. 6.5.2 Focus management
      3. 6.5.3 Document-level focus APIs
      4. 6.5.4 Element-level focus APIs
   6. 6.6 The text selection APIs
      1. 6.6.1 APIs for the browsing context selection
      2. 6.6.2 APIs for the text field selections
   7. 6.7 The contenteditable attribute
      1. 6.7.1 User editing actions
      2. 6.7.2 Making entire documents editable
   8. 6.8 Drag and drop
      1. 6.8.1 Introduction
      2. 6.8.2 The DragEvent and DataTransfer interfaces
      3. 6.8.3 Events fired during a drag-and-drop action
      4. 6.8.4 Drag-and-drop processing model
         1. 6.8.4.1 When the drag-and-drop operation starts or ends in another document
         2. 6.8.4.2 When the drag-and-drop operation starts or ends in another application
      5. 6.8.5 The draggable attribute
      6. 6.8.6 Copy and paste
         1. 6.8.6.1 Copy to clipboard
         2. 6.8.6.2 Cut to clipboard
         3. 6.8.6.3 Paste from clipboard
         4. 6.8.6.4 Paste from selection
      7. 6.8.7 Security risks in the drag-and-drop model
   9. 6.9 Undo history
      1. 6.9.1 The UndoManager interface
      2. 6.9.2 Undo: moving back in the undo transaction history
      3. 6.9.3 Redo: moving forward in the undo transaction history
      4. 6.9.4 The UndoManagerEvent interface and the undo and redo events
      5. 6.9.5 Implementation notes
   10. 6.10 Command APIs
7. 7 Communication
   1. 7.1 Event definitions
   2. 7.2 Server-sent events
      1. 7.2.1 The RemoteEventTarget interface
      2. 7.2.2 Connecting to an event stream
      3. 7.2.3 Parsing an event stream
      4. 7.2.4 Interpreting an event stream
      5. 7.2.5 Notes
   3. 7.3 Web sockets
      1. 7.3.1 Introduction
      2. 7.3.2 The WebSocket interface
      3. 7.3.3 WebSocket Events
      4. 7.3.4 Feedback from the protocol
      5. 7.3.5 The Web Socket protocol
         1. 7.3.5.1 Introduction
         2. 7.3.5.2 Client-side requirements
            1. 7.3.5.2.1 Handshake
            2. 7.3.5.2.2 Data framing
         3. 7.3.5.3 Server-side requirements
            1. 7.3.5.3.1 Minimal handshake
            2. 7.3.5.3.2 Handshake details
            3. 7.3.5.3.3 Data framing
         4. 7.3.5.4 Closing the connection
         5. 7.3.5.5 Security considerations
         6. 7.3.5.6 IANA considerations
   4. 7.4 Cross-document messaging
      1. 7.4.1 Introduction
      2. 7.4.2 Security
         1. 7.4.2.1 Authors
         2. 7.4.2.2 User agents
      3. 7.4.3 Posting messages
      4. 7.4.4 Posting messages with message ports
   5. 7.5 Channel messaging
      1. 7.5.1 Introduction
      2. 7.5.2 Message channels
      3. 7.5.3 Message ports
         1. 7.5.3.1 Ports and garbage collection
8. 8 The HTML syntax
   1. 8.1 Writing HTML documents
      1. 8.1.1 The DOCTYPE
      2. 8.1.2 Elements
         1. 8.1.2.1 Start tags
         2. 8.1.2.2 End tags
         3. 8.1.2.3 Attributes
         4. 8.1.2.4 Optional tags
         5. 8.1.2.5 Restrictions on content models
         6. 8.1.2.6 Restrictions on the contents of CDATA and RCDATA elements
      3. 8.1.3 Text
         1. 8.1.3.1 Newlines
      4. 8.1.4 Character references
      5. 8.1.5 CDATA sections
      6. 8.1.6 Comments
   2. 8.2 Parsing HTML documents
      1. 8.2.1 Overview of the parsing model
      2. 8.2.2 The input stream
         1. 8.2.2.1 Determining the character encoding
         2. 8.2.2.2 Character encoding requirements
         3. 8.2.2.3 Preprocessing the input stream
         4. 8.2.2.4 Changing the encoding while parsing
      3. 8.2.3 Parse state
         1. 8.2.3.1 The insertion mode
         2. 8.2.3.2 The stack of open elements
         3. 8.2.3.3 The list of active formatting elements
         4. 8.2.3.4 The element pointers
         5. 8.2.3.5 Other parsing state flags
      4. 8.2.4 Tokenization
         1. 8.2.4.1 Data state
         2. 8.2.4.2 Character reference data state
         3. 8.2.4.3 Tag open state
         4. 8.2.4.4 Close tag open state
         5. 8.2.4.5 Tag name state
         6. 8.2.4.6 Before attribute name state
         7. 8.2.4.7 Attribute name state
         8. 8.2.4.8 After attribute name state
         9. 8.2.4.9 Before attribute value state
         10. 8.2.4.10 Attribute value (double-quoted) state
         11. 8.2.4.11 Attribute value (single-quoted) state
         12. 8.2.4.12 Attribute value (unquoted) state
         13. 8.2.4.13 Character reference in attribute value state
         14. 8.2.4.14 After attribute value (quoted) state
         15. 8.2.4.15 Self-closing start tag state
         16. 8.2.4.16 Bogus comment state
         17. 8.2.4.17 Markup declaration open state
         18. 8.2.4.18 Comment start state
         19. 8.2.4.19 Comment start dash state
         20. 8.2.4.20 Comment state
         21. 8.2.4.21 Comment end dash state
         22. 8.2.4.22 Comment end state
         23. 8.2.4.23 DOCTYPE state
         24. 8.2.4.24 Before DOCTYPE name state
         25. 8.2.4.25 DOCTYPE name state
         26. 8.2.4.26 After DOCTYPE name state
         27. 8.2.4.27 Before DOCTYPE public identifier state
         28. 8.2.4.28 DOCTYPE public identifier (double-quoted) state
         29. 8.2.4.29 DOCTYPE public identifier (single-quoted) state
         30. 8.2.4.30 After DOCTYPE public identifier state
         31. 8.2.4.31 Before DOCTYPE system identifier state
         32. 8.2.4.32 DOCTYPE system identifier (double-quoted) state
         33. 8.2.4.33 DOCTYPE system identifier (single-quoted) state
         34. 8.2.4.34 After DOCTYPE system identifier state
         35. 8.2.4.35 Bogus DOCTYPE state
         36. 8.2.4.36 CDATA section state
         37. 8.2.4.37 Tokenizing character references
      5. 8.2.5 Tree construction
         1. 8.2.5.1 Creating and inserting elements
         2. 8.2.5.2 Closing elements that have implied end tags
         3. 8.2.5.3 Foster parenting
         4. 8.2.5.4 The "initial" insertion mode
         5. 8.2.5.5 The "before html" insertion mode
         6. 8.2.5.6 The "before head" insertion mode
         7. 8.2.5.7 The "in head" insertion mode
         8. 8.2.5.8 The "in head noscript" insertion mode
         9. 8.2.5.9 The "after head" insertion mode
         10. 8.2.5.10 The "in body" insertion mode
         11. 8.2.5.11 The "in CDATA/RCDATA" insertion mode
         12. 8.2.5.12 The "in table" insertion mode
         13. 8.2.5.13 The "in caption" insertion mode
         14. 8.2.5.14 The "in column group" insertion mode
         15. 8.2.5.15 The "in table body" insertion mode
         16. 8.2.5.16 The "in row" insertion mode
         17. 8.2.5.17 The "in cell" insertion mode
         18. 8.2.5.18 The "in select" insertion mode
         19. 8.2.5.19 The "in select in table" insertion mode
         20. 8.2.5.20 The "in foreign content" insertion mode
         21. 8.2.5.21 The "after body" insertion mode
         22. 8.2.5.22 The "in frameset" insertion mode
         23. 8.2.5.23 The "after frameset" insertion mode
         24. 8.2.5.24 The "after after body" insertion mode
         25. 8.2.5.25 The "after after frameset" insertion mode
      6. 8.2.6 The end
      7. 8.2.7 Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset
   3. 8.3 Namespaces
   4. 8.4 Serializing HTML fragments
   5. 8.5 Parsing HTML fragments
   6. 8.6 Named character references
9. 9 The XHTML syntax
   1. 9.1 Writing XHTML documents
   2. 9.2 Parsing XHTML documents
   3. 9.3 Serializing XHTML fragments
   4. 9.4 Parsing XHTML fragments
10. 10 Rendering
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 The CSS user agent style sheet and presentational hints
       1. 10.2.1 Introduction
       2. 10.2.2 Display types
       3. 10.2.3 Margins and padding
       4. 10.2.4 Alignment
       5. 10.2.5 Fonts and colors
       6. 10.2.6 Punctuation and decorations
       7. 10.2.7 Resetting rules for inherited properties
       8. 10.2.8 The hr element
       9. 10.2.9 The fieldset element
    3. 10.3 Replaced elements
       1. 10.3.1 Embedded content
       2. 10.3.2 Images
       3. 10.3.3 Attributes for embedded content and images
       4. 10.3.4 Image maps
       5. 10.3.5 Tool bars
    4. 10.4 Bindings
       1. 10.4.1 Introduction
       2. 10.4.2 The bb element
       3. 10.4.3 The button element
       4. 10.4.4 The datagrid element
       5. 10.4.5 The details element
       6. 10.4.6 The input element as a text entry widget
       7. 10.4.7 The input element as domain-specific widgets
       8. 10.4.8 The input element as a range control
       9. 10.4.9 The input element as a color well
       10. 10.4.10 The input element as a check box and radio button widgets
       11. 10.4.11 The input element as a file upload control
       12. 10.4.12 The input element as a button
       13. 10.4.13 The marquee element
       14. 10.4.14 The meter element
       15. 10.4.15 The progress element
       16. 10.4.16 The select element
       17. 10.4.17 The textarea element
    5. 10.5 Frames and framesets
    6. 10.6 Interactive media
       1. 10.6.1 Links, forms, and navigation
       2. 10.6.2 The mark element
       3. 10.6.3 The title attribute
    7. 10.7 Print media
    8. 10.8 Interaction with CSS
11. 11 Obsolete features
    1. 11.1 Self-contained features
       1. 11.1.1 The applet element
       2. 11.1.2 The marquee element
    2. 11.2 Other elements and attributes
    3. 11.3 Other DOM APIs
    4. 11.4 Conformance checkers
12. 12 Things that you can't do with this specification because they are better handled using other technologies that are further described herein
    1. 12.1 Localization
    2. 12.2 Declarative 2D vector graphics and animation
    3. 12.3 Declarative 3D scenes
    4. 12.4 Timers
    5. 12.5 Rendering and the DOM
13. Index
14. References
15. Acknowledgements