Unicode 6.2 Web Bookmarks

About this page

This page contains hyperlinks to The Unicode Standard, Version 6.2. The Unicode 6.2.0 page lists the contents with links to each PDF file.

• Preface
  • Why Unicode?
  • What's New?
    • Support for Languages and Symbol Sets
    • Detailed Change Information
  • Organization of This Standard
    • Concepts, Architecture, Conformance, and Guidelines
    • Character Block Descriptions
    • Code Charts
    • Appendices
    • References and Index
    • Glossary and Character Index
  • Unicode Standard Annexes
  • The Unicode Character Database
  • Unicode Code Charts
  • Unicode Technical Standards and Unicode Technical Reports
  • Updates and Errata
  • Acknowledgements
• Introduction
  • Figure 1-1. Wide ASCII
  • 1.1 Coverage
    • Standards Coverage
    • New Characters
  • 1.2 Design Goals
    • Figure 1-2. Unicode Compared to the 2022 Framework
  • 1.3 Text Handling
    • Characters and Glyphs
    • Text Elements
• General Structure
  • 2.1 Architectural Context
    • Basic Text Processes
    • Text Elements, Characters, and Text Processes
      • Figure 2-1. Text Elements and Characters
    • Text Processes and Encoding
      • Character Identity
  • 2.2 Unicode Design Principles
    • Table 2-1. The 10 Unicode Design Principles
    • Universality
    • Efficiency
    • Characters, Not Glyphs
      • Figure 2-2. Characters Versus Glyphs
      • Table 2-2. User-Perceived Characters with Multiple Code Points
      • Figure 2-3. Unicode Character Code to Rendered Glyphs
    • Semantics
    • Plain Text
    • Logical Order
      • Figure 2-4. Bidirectional Ordering
      • Figure 2-5. Writing Direction and Numbers
    • Unification
      • Figure 2-6. Typeface Variation for the Bone Character
    • Dynamic Composition
      • Figure 2-7. Dynamic Composition
      • Equivalent Sequences
    • Stability
    • Convertibility
  • 2.3 Compatibility Characters
    • Usage
    • Allocation
    • Compatibility Variants
    • Compatibility Decomposable Characters
      • Compatibility Character Versus Compatibility Decomposable Character
  • 2.4 Code Points and Characters
    • Figure 2-8. Abstract and Encoded Characters
    • Types of Code Points
      • Table 2-3. Types of Code Points
      • Control Codes
      • Noncharacters
      • Private Use
      • Surrogates
      • Restricted Interchange
      • Code Point Semantics
  • 2.5 Encoding Forms
    • Non-overlap
    • Figure 2-9. Overlap in Legacy Mixed-Width Encodings
    • Figure 2-10. Boundaries and Interpretation
    • Conformance
    • Examples
    • Figure 2-11. Unicode Encoding Forms
    • UTF-32
      • Fixed Width
      • Preferred Usage
    • UTF-16
      • Optimized for BMP
      • Supplementary Characters and Surrogates
      • Preferred Usage
      • Origin
      • Collation
    • UTF-8
      • Byte-Oriented
      • Variable Width
      • ASCII Transparency
      • Preferred Usage
      • Self-synchronizing
    • Comparison of the Advantages of UTF-32, UTF-16, and UTF-8
      • UTF-32 Versus UTF-16
      • Characters Versus Code Points
      • UTF-8
      • Binary Sorting
  • 2.6 Encoding Schemes
    • Byte Order
    • Table 2-4. The Seven Unicode Encoding Schemes
    • Encoding Scheme Versus Encoding Form
    • Examples
    • Figure 2-12. Unicode Encoding Schemes
  • 2.7 Unicode Strings
  • 2.8 Unicode Allocation
    • Planes
      • Basic Multilingual Plane
      • Supplementary Multilingual Plane
      • Supplementary Ideographic Plane
      • Supplementary Special-purpose Plane
      • Private Use Planes
    • Allocation Areas and Character Blocks
      • Allocation Areas
      • Blocks
      • Allocation Order
    • Assignment of Code Points
  • 2.9 Details of Allocation
    • Figure 2-13. Unicode Allocation
    • Plane 0 (BMP)
      • Figure 2-14. Allocation on the BMP
      • ASCII and Latin-1 Compatibility Area
      • General Scripts Area
      • Punctuation and Symbols Area
      • Supplementary General Scripts Area
      • CJK Miscellaneous Area
      • CJKV Ideographs Area
      • General Scripts Area (Asia and Africa)
      • Hangul Area
      • Surrogates Area
      • Private Use Area
      • Compatibility and Specials Area
    • Plane 1 (SMP)
      • Figure 2-15. Allocation on Plane 1
      • General Scripts Areas
      • General Scripts Areas (RTL)
      • Cuneiform and Hieroglyphic Area
      • Ideographic Scripts Area
      • Symbols Areas
    • Plane 2 (SIP)
    • Other Planes
  • 2.10 Writing Direction
    • Figure 2-16. Writing Directions
    • Bidirectional
    • Vertical
    • Boustrophedon
    • Other Historical Directionalities
  • 2.11 Combining Characters
    • Combining Characters
    • Diacritics
    • Symbol Diacritics
    • Enclosing Combining Marks
    • Figure 2-17. Combining Enclosing Marks for Symbols
    • Script-Specific Combining Characters
    • Sequence of Base Characters and Diacritics
      • Figure 2-18. Sequence of Base Characters and Diacritics
      • Ordering
      • Indic Vowel Signs
      • Figure 2-19. Reordered Indic Vowel Signs
      • Properties
      • Figure 2-20. Properties and Combining Character Sequences
    • Multiple Combining Characters
      • Figure 2-21. Stacking Sequences
      • Table 2-5. Interaction of Combining Characters
      • Table 2-6. Nondefault Stacking
    • Ligated Multiple Base Characters
      • Figure 2-22. Ligated Multiple Base Characters
    • Exhibiting Nonspacing Marks in Isolation
    • "Characters" and Grapheme Clusters
  • 2.12 Equivalent Sequences and Normalization
    • Figure 2-23. Equivalent Sequences
    • Normalization
      • Figure 2-24. Canonical Ordering
    • Decompositions
      • Types of Decomposables
      • Examples
      • Figure 2-25. Types of Decomposables
    • Non-decomposition of Overlaid Diacritics
      • Security Issue
  • 2.13 Special Characters and Noncharacters
    • Special Noncharacter Code Points
    • Byte Order Mark (BOM)
      • Unicode Signature
    • Layout and Format Control Characters
    • The Replacement Character
    • Control Codes
  • 2.14 Conforming to the Unicode Standard
    • Characteristics of Conformant Implementations
    • Unacceptable Behavior
    • Acceptable Behavior
    • Supported Subsets
• Conformance
  • 3.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard
    • Stability
    • Version Numbering
      • Major and Minor Versions
      • Update Version
    • Errata and Corrigenda
      • Errata
      • Corrigenda
    • References to the Unicode Standard
    • Precision in Version Citation
    • References to Unicode Character Properties
    • References to Unicode Algorithms
  • 3.2 Conformance Requirements
    • Code Points Unassigned to Abstract Characters
    • Interpretation
    • Modification
    • Character Encoding Forms
    • Character Encoding Schemes
    • Bidirectional Text
    • Normalization Forms
    • Normative References
    • Unicode Algorithms
    • Default Casing Algorithms
    • Unicode Standard Annexes
  • 3.3 Semantics
    • Definitions
    • Character Identity and Semantics
  • 3.4 Characters and Encoding
    • Table 3-1. Named Unicode Algorithms
  • 3.5 Properties
    • Types of Properties
    • Property Values
    • Default Property Values
    • Classification of Properties by Their Values
    • Property Status
      • Table 3-2. Normative Character Properties
      • Table 3-3. Informative Character Properties
    • Context Dependence
    • Stability of Properties
    • Simple and Derived Properties
    • Property Aliases
    • Private Use
  • 3.6 Combination
    • Combining Character Sequences
    • Grapheme Clusters
    • Application of Combining Marks
      • Figure 3-1. Enclosing Marks
      • Combining Marks and Korean Syllables
  • 3.7 Decomposition
    • Compatibility Decomposition
    • Canonical Decomposition
  • 3.8 Surrogates
  • 3.9 Unicode Encoding Forms
    • Table 3-4. Examples of Unicode Encoding Forms
    • UTF-32
    • UTF-16
      • Table 3-5. UTF-16 Bit Distribution
    • UTF-8
      • Table 3-6. UTF-8 Bit Distribution
      • Table 3-7. Well-Formed UTF-8 Byte Sequences
    • Encoding Form Conversion
    • Constraints on Conversion Processes
      • Best Practices for Using U+FFFD
      • Table 3-8. Use of U+FFFD in UTF-8 Conversion
  • 3.10 Unicode Encoding Schemes
    • Table 3-9. Summary of UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, and UTF-16
    • Table 3-10. Summary of UTF-32BE, UTF-32LE, and UTF-32
  • 3.11 Normalization Forms
    • Normalization Stability
    • Combining Classes
    • Specification of Unicode Normalization Forms
    • Starters
      • Table 3-11. Combining Marks and Starter Status
    • Canonical Ordering Algorithm
      • Table 3-12. Reorderable Pairs
    • Canonical Composition Algorithm
    • Definition of Normalization Forms
  • 3.12 Conjoining Jamo Behavior
    • Definitions
    • Hangul Syllable Decomposition
      • Table 3-13. Hangul Characters Used in Examples
      • Common Constants
      • Syllable Index
      • Arithmetic Decomposition Mapping
      • Full Canonical Decomposition
      • Example
    • Hangul Syllable Composition
      • Arithmetic Primary Composite Mapping
      • Example
    • Hangul Syllable Name Generation
      • Full Canonical Decomposition
      • Jamo Short Name Mapping
      • Name Concatenation
      • Example
    • Sample Code for Hangul Algorithms
      • Common Constants
      • Hangul Decomposition
      • Hangul Composition
      • Hangul Character Name Generation
      • Additional Transformations for Hangul Jamo
  • 3.13 Default Case Algorithms
    • Tailoring
    • Definitions
      • Table 3-14. Context Specification for Casing
    • Default Case Conversion
    • Default Case Folding
    • Default Case Detection
      • Table 3-15. Case Detection Examples
    • Default Caseless Matching
• Character Properties
  • Status and Attributes
  • Consistency of Properties
  • 4.1 Unicode Character Database
    • Unihan Database
    • Stability
    • Aliases
    • UCD in XML
    • Online Availability
  • 4.2 Case
    • Definitions of Case and Casing
      • Table 4-1. Relationship of Casing Definitions
      • Table 4-2. Case Function Values for Strings
    • Case Mapping
      • Table 4-3. Sources for Case Mapping Information
  • 4.3 Combining Classes
    • Figure 4-1. Positions of Common Combining Marks
    • Reordrant, Split, and Subjoined Combining Marks
      • Reordrant Class Zero Combining Marks
      • Table 4-4. Class Zero Combining Marks—”Reordrant
      • Table 4-5. Thai, Lao, and Tai Viet Logical Order Exceptions
      • Split Class Zero Combining Marks
      • Table 4-6. Class Zero Combining Marks—”Split
      • Subjoined Class Zero Combining Marks
      • Table 4-7. Class Zero Combining Marks—”Subjoined
      • Strikethrough Class Zero Combining Marks
      • Table 4-8. Class Zero Combining Marks—”Strikethrough
  • 4.4 Directionality
  • 4.5 General Category
    • Table 4-9. General Category
  • 4.6 Numeric Value
    • Decimal Digits
    • Script-Specific Digits
    • Ideographic Numeric Values
      • Table 4-10. Primary Numeric Ideographs
      • Table 4-11. Ideographs Used as Accounting Numbers
  • 4.7 Bidi Mirrored
  • 4.8 Name
    • Stability
    • Character Name Syntax
    • Names as Identifiers
    • Character Name Matching
    • Named Character Sequences
    • Character Name Aliases
    • Unicode Name Property
      • Formal Definition of the Name Property
      • Name Uniqueness
      • Interpretation of Field 1 of UnicodeData.txt
      • Control Codes
    • Code Point Labels
      • Table 4-12. Construction of Code Point Labels
    • Use of Character Names in APIs and User Interfaces
      • Use in APIs
      • User Interfaces
  • 4.9 Unicode 1.0 Names
  • 4.10 Letters, Alphabetic, and Ideographic
    • Letters and Syllables
    • Alphabetic
    • Ideographic
  • 4.11 Properties Related to Text Boundaries
  • 4.12 Characters with Unusual Properties
    • Table 4-13. Unusual Properties
• Implementation Guidelines
  • 5.1 Data Structures for Character Conversion
    • Issues
    • Multistage Tables
      • Flat Tables.
      • Ranges
      • Two-Stage Tables
      • Figure 5-1. Two-Stage Tables
      • Optimized Two-Stage Table
      • Multistage Table Tuning
  • 5.2 Programming Languages and Data Types
    • Unicode Data Types for C
      • ANSI/ISO C wchar_t
  • 5.3 Unknown and Missing Characters
    • Reserved and Private-Use Character Codes
    • Interpretable but Unrenderable Characters
    • Default Ignorable Code Points
    • Interacting with Downlevel Systems
  • 5.4 Handling Surrogate Pairs in UTF-16
    • Strategies for Surrogate Pair Support
  • 5.5 Handling Numbers
  • 5.6 Normalization
    • Alternative Spellings
    • Normalization
    • Figure 5-2. Normalization
  • 5.7 Compression
  • 5.8 Newline Guidelines
    • Definitions
      • Table 5-1. Hex Values for Acronyms
      • Encoding
      • Notation
      • EBCDIC
      • Newline Function
      • Table 5-2. NLF Platform Correlations
    • Line Separator and Paragraph Separator
    • Recommendations
      • Converting from Other Character Code Sets
      • Interpreting Characters in Text
      • Converting to Other Character Code Sets
      • Input and Output
      • Page Separator
  • 5.9 Regular Expressions
  • 5.10 Language Information in Plain Text
    • Requirements for Language Tagging
    • Language Tags and Han Unification
      • Typical Scenarios
  • 5.11 Editing and Selection
    • Consistent Text Elements
      • Cluster Boundaries
      • Figure 5-3. Consistent Character Boundaries
      • Stacked Boundaries
      • Atomic Character Boundaries.
      • Linear Boundaries
      • Nonlinear Boundaries
  • 5.12 Strategies for Handling Nonspacing Marks
    • Rendering
    • Other Processes
    • Keyboard Input
      • Figure 5-4. Dead Keys Versus Handwriting Sequence
    • Truncation
      • Figure 5-5. Truncating Grapheme Clusters
  • 5.13 Rendering Nonspacing Marks
    • Figure 5-6. Inside-Out Rule
    • Fallback Rendering
    • Figure 5-7. Fallback Rendering
    • Bidirectional Positioning
    • Figure 5-8. Bidirectional Placement
    • Justification
    • Figure 5-9. Justification
    • Canonical Equivalence
      • Table 5-3. Typing Order Differing from Canonical Order
      • Table 5-4. Permuting Combining Class Weights
    • Positioning Methods
      • Positioning with Ligatures
      • Figure 5-10. Positioning with Ligatures
      • Positioning with Contextual Forms
      • Figure 5-11. Positioning with Contextual Forms
      • Positioning with Enhanced Kerning
      • Figure 5-12. Positioning with Enhanced Kerning
  • 5.14 Locating Text Element Boundaries
  • 5.15 Identifiers
  • 5.16 Sorting and Searching
    • Culturally Expected Sorting and Searching
    • Language-Insensitive Sorting
    • Searching
    • Sublinear Searching
      • Figure 5-13. Sublinear Searching
  • 5.17 Binary Order
    • UTF-8 in UTF-16 Order
    • UTF-16 in UTF-8 Order
  • 5.18 Case Mappings
    • Titlecasing
    • Complications for Case Mapping
      • Change in Length
      • Greek iota subscript
      • Context-dependent Case Mappings
      • Locale-dependent Case Mappings
      • Figure 5-14. Uppercase Mapping for Turkish I
      • Figure 5-15. Lowercase Mapping for Turkish I
      • Caseless Characters
      • German sharp s
      • Figure 5-16. Casing of German Sharp S
    • Reversibility
    • Caseless Matching
      • Stability
    • Normalization and Casing
      • Table 5-5. Casing and Normalization in Strings
  • 5.19 Mapping Compatibility Variants
    • Confusables
  • 5.20 Unicode Security
    • Alternate Encodings
    • Spoofing
  • 5.21 Ignoring Characters in Processing
    • Characters Ignored in Text Segmentation
    • Characters Ignored in Line Breaking
    • Characters Ignored in Cursive Joining
    • Characters Ignored in Identifiers
    • Characters Ignored in Searching and Sorting
    • Characters Ignored for Display
      • Normal Rendering
      • Fallback Rendering
      • Default Ignorable Code Point
  • 5.22 Best Practice for U+FFFD Substitution
• Writing Systems and Punctuation
  • Scripts and Blocks
  • Scripts and Writing Systems
  • Punctuation
  • 6.1 Writing Systems
    • Alphabets
    • Abjads
    • Syllabaries
    • Abugidas
    • Figure 6-1. Overriding Inherent Vowels
    • Logosyllabaries
    • Typology of Scripts in the Unicode Standard
    • Table 6-1. Typology of Scripts in the Unicode Standard
    • Notational Systems
  • 6.2 General Punctuation
    • Use and Interpretation
    • Rendering
    • Writing Direction
    • Figure 6-2. Forms of CJK Punctuation
    • Layout Controls
    • Encoding Characters with Multiple Semantic Values
    • Blocks Devoted to Punctuation
    • Format Control Characters
    • Space Characters
      • Table 6-2. Unicode Space Characters
      • No-Break Space
      • Narrow No-Break Space
    • Dashes and Hyphens
      • Table 6-3. Unicode Dash Characters
      • Soft Hyphen
      • Tilde.
      • Dictionary Abbreviation Symbols
    • Paired Punctuation
      • Mirroring of Paired Punctuation.
      • Quotation Marks and Brackets
    • Language-Based Usage of Quotation Marks
      • European Usage
      • Figure 6-3. European Quotation Marks
      • East Asian Usage
      • Table 6-4. East Asian Quotation Marks
      • Glyph Variation.
      • Figure 6-4. Asian Quotation Marks
      • Table 6-5. Opening and Closing Forms
      • Overloaded Character Codes
      • Consequences for Semantics
    • Apostrophes
      • Letter Apostrophe
      • Punctuation Apostrophe
    • Other Punctuation
      • Hyphenation Point
      • Word Separator Middle Dot
      • Fraction Slash
      • Spacing Overscores and Underscores
      • Doubled Punctuation
      • Period or Full Stop
      • Ellipsis
      • Vertical Ellipsis
      • Leader Dots
      • Other Basic Latin Punctuation Marks
      • Canonical Equivalence Issues for Greek Punctuation
      • Bullets
      • Paragraph Marks
      • Numeric Separators.
      • Commercial Minus
      • At Sign
      • Table 6-6. Names for the @
    • Archaic Punctuation and Editorial Marks
      • Archaic Punctuation
      • Editorial Marks
      • New Testament Editorial Marks
      • Ancient Greek Editorial Marks
      • Figure 6-5. Examples of Ancient Greek Editorial Marks
      • Figure 6-6. Use of Greek Paragraphos
      • Double Oblique Hyphen
    • Indic Punctuation
      • Dandas
      • Table 6-7. Unicode Danda Characters
    • CJK Punctuation
      • Figure 6-7. CJK Parentheses
      • Sesame Dots
    • Unknown or Unavailable Ideographs
    • CJK Compatibility Forms
      • Vertical Forms
      • Styled Overscores and Underscores
      • Small Form Variants
      • Fullwidth and Halfwidth Variants
• European Alphabetic Scripts
  • 7.1 Latin
    • Languages
    • Diacritical Marks.
    • Alternative Glyphs.
    • Figure 7-1. Alternative Glyphs in Latin
    • Variations in Diacritical Marks
    • Latvian Cedilla
    • Cedilla and Comma Below in Turkish and Romanian
    • Exceptional Case Pairs
    • Diacritics on i and j
    • Figure 7-2. Diacritics on i and j
    • Vietnamese
    • Figure 7-3. Vietnamese Letters and Tone Marks
    • Standards.
    • Related Characters
    • Letters of Basic Latin: U+0041–U+007A
    • Letters of the Latin-1 Supplement: U+00C0–U+00FF
      • Languages
      • Ordinals
    • Latin Extended-A: U+0100–U+017F
      • Compatibility Digraphs
      • Languages
    • Latin Extended-B: U+0180–U+024F
      • Arrangement
      • Croatian Digraphs Matching Serbian Cyrillic Letters
      • Pinyin Diacritic–Vowel Combinations
      • Case Pairs
      • Caseless Letters
      • Glottal Stop
    • IPA Extensions: U+0250–U+02AF
      • Standards
      • Unifications
      • IPA Alternates
      • Case Pairs
      • Typographic Variants
      • Affricate Digraph Ligatures
      • Arrangement
    • Phonetic Extensions: U+1D00–U+1DBF
      • Typographic Features of the UPA.
      • Other Phonetic Extensions
      • Digraph for th
    • Latin Extended Additional: U+1E00–U+1EFF
      • Capital Sharp S
      • Vietnamese Vowel Plus Tone Mark Combinations
    • Latin Extended-C: U+2C60–U+2C7F
      • Uighur
      • Claudian Letters
    • Latin Extended-D: U+A720–U+A7FF
      • Egyptological Transliteration
      • Historic Mayan Letters
      • European Medievalist Letters
      • Insular and Celticist Letters
      • Orthographic Letter Additions
      • Latvian Letters
      • Ancient Roman Epigraphic Letters
    • Latin Ligatures: U+FB00–U+FB06
  • 7.2 Greek
    • Greek: U+0370–U+03FF
      • Standards
      • Polytonic Greek
      • Nonspacing Marks
      • Table 7-1. Nonspacing Marks Used with Greek
      • Iota
      • Variant Letterforms
      • Figure 7-4. Variations in Greek Capital Letter Upsilon
      • Representative Glyphs for Greek Phi
      • Greek Letters as Symbols
      • Symbols Versus Numbers
      • Compatibility Punctuation
      • Historic Letters
      • Coptic-Unique Letters
      • Related Characters
    • Greek Extended: U+1F00–U+1FFF
      • Spacing Diacritics
      • Table 7-2. Greek Spacing and Nonspacing Pairs
    • Ancient Greek Numbers: U+10140–U+1018F
      • Acrophonic Numerals
      • Other Numerical Symbols
      • Symbol for Zero
  • 7.3 Coptic
    • Development of the Coptic Script
    • Casing
    • Font Styles
    • Characters for Cryptogrammic Use
    • Crossed Shei
    • Supralineation
    • Combining Diacritical Marks
    • Punctuation
    • Numerical Use of Letters
    • Figure 7-5. Coptic Numerals
  • 7.4 Cyrillic
    • Historic Letterforms
    • Glagolitic
    • Cyrillic: U+0400–U+04FF
      • Standards
      • Extended Cyrillic
      • Abkhasian
      • Palochka
    • Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500–U+052F
      • Komi
      • Kurdish Letters
    • Cyrillic Extended-A: U+2DE0–U+2DFF
      • Titlo Letters
    • Cyrillic Extended-B: U+A640–U+A69F
      • Numeric Enclosing Signs
      • Old Abkhasian Letters
  • 7.5 Glagolitic
    • Glyph Forms
    • Ordering
    • Punctuation and Diacritics
    • Numerical Use of Letters
  • 7.6 Armenian
    • Orthography
    • User Community
    • Punctuation
    • Preferred Characters
    • Ligatures
  • 7.7 Georgian
    • Script Forms
    • Case Forms
    • Mtavruli Style
    • Figure 7-6. Georgian Scripts and Casing
    • Punctuation
    • Historic Punctuation
  • 7.8 Modifier Letters
    • Case and Modifier Letters
    • General Category
    • Blocks
    • Names
    • Spacing Modifier Letters: U+02B0–U+02FF
      • Phonetic Usage
      • Encoding Principles
      • Superscript Letters
      • Spacing Clones of Diacritics
      • Rhotic Hook
      • Tone Letters
      • Figure 7-7. Tone Letters
    • Modifier Tone Letters: U+A700–U+A71F
  • 7.9 Combining Marks
    • Sequence of Base Letters and Combining Marks
    • Multiple Semantics
    • Glyphic Variation
    • Overlaid Diacritics
    • Marks as Spacing Characters
    • Spacing Clones of Diacritical Marks
    • Relationship to ISO/IEC 8859-1
    • Diacritics Positioned Over Two Base Characters
    • Figure 7-8. Double Diacritics
    • Figure 7-9. Positioning of Double Diacritics
    • Figure 7-10. Use of CGJ with Double Diacritics
    • Combining Marks with Ligatures
    • Figure 7-11. Interaction of Combining Marks with Ligatures
    • Combining Diacritical Marks: U+0300–U+036F
      • Standards
      • Underlining and Overlining
    • Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement: U+1DC0–U+1DFF
    • Combining Marks for Symbols: U+20D0–U+20FF
      • Figure 7-12. Use of Vertical Line Overlay for Negation
      • Enclosing Marks
    • Combining Half Marks: U+FE20–U+FE2F
      • Figure 7-13. Double Diacritics and Half Marks
    • Combining Marks in Other Blocks
• Middle Eastern Scripts
  • 8.1 Hebrew
    • Hebrew: U+0590–U+05FF
      • Directionality
      • Cursive.
      • Standards
      • Vowels and Other Marks of Pronunciation
      • Shin and Sin
      • Final (Contextual Variant) Letterforms
      • Yiddish Digraphs
      • Punctuation
      • Cantillation Marks
      • Positioning
      • Meteg
      • Atnah Hafukh and Qamats Qatan
      • Holam Male and Holam Haser
      • Puncta Extraordinaria
      • Nun Hafukha
      • Currency Symbol
    • Alphabetic Presentation Forms: U+FB1D–U+FB4F
      • Use of Wide Letters
  • 8.2 Arabic
    • Arabic: U+0600–U+06FF
      • Figure 8-1. Directionality and Cursive Connection
      • Directionality
      • Standards
      • Encoding Principles
      • Punctuation
      • The Non-joiner and the Joiner
      • Figure 8-2. Using a Joiner
      • Figure 8-3. Using a Non-joiner
      • Figure 8-4. Combinations of Joiners and Non-joiners
      • Harakat (Vowel) Nonspacing Marks
      • Figure 8-5. Placement of Harakat
      • Arabic-Indic Digits
      • Table 8-1. Arabic Digit Names
      • Table 8-2. Glyph Variation in Eastern Arabic-Indic Digits
      • Extended Arabic Letters
      • Koranic Annotation Signs
      • Additional Vowel Marks
      • Honorifics
      • Arabic Mathematical Symbols
      • Date Separator
      • Full Stop
      • Currency Symbols
      • End of Ayah
      • Other Signs Spanning Numbers
      • Figure 8-6. Arabic Year Sign
      • Poetic Verse Sign
    • Arabic Cursive Joining
      • Minimum Rendering Requirements
      • Joining Types
      • Table 8-3. Primary Arabic Joining Types
      • Table 8-4. Derived Arabic Joining Types
      • Joining Rules
      • Table 8-5. Arabic Glyph Types
    • Arabic Ligatures
      • Ligature Classes
      • Table 8-6. Arabic Obligatory Ligature Joining Groups
      • Ligature Rules
      • Table 8-7. Arabic Ligature Notation
      • Optional Features
    • Arabic Joining Groups
      • Dual-Joining
      • Table 8-8. Dual-Joining Arabic Characters
      • Right-Joining
      • Table 8-9. Right-Joining Arabic Characters
      • Letter heh
      • Letter yeh
      • Table 8-10. Forms of the Arabic Letter yeh
      • Combining Hamza Above
      • Table 8-11. Arabic Letters With Hamza Above
      • Jawi
      • Kurdish
    • Arabic Supplement: U+0750–U+077F
      • Marwari
    • Arabic Extended-A: U+08A0–U+08FF
    • Arabic Presentation Forms-A: U+FB50–U+FDFF
      • Ornate Parentheses
      • Nuktas
    • Arabic Presentation Forms-B: U+FE70–U+FEFF
      • Spacing and Tatweel Forms of Arabic Diacritics
      • Zero Width No-Break Space
  • 8.3 Syriac
    • Syriac: U+0700–U+074F
      • Syriac Language
      • Languages Using the Syriac Script.
      • Shaping
      • Directionality
      • Syriac Type Styles
      • Character Names
      • Syriac Abbreviation Mark
      • Figure 8-7. Syriac Abbreviation
      • Figure 8-8. Use of SAM
      • Ligatures and Combining Characters
      • Diacritic Marks and Vowels
      • Punctuation
      • Digits
      • Harklean Marks
      • Dalath and Rish
      • Semkath
      • Vowel Marks
      • Miscellaneous Diacritics.
      • Table 8-12. Miscellaneous Syriac Diacritic Use
      • Use of Characters of the Arabic Block
    • Syriac Shaping
      • Minimum Rendering Requirements
      • Joining Types
      • Table 8-13. Syriac Final Alaph Glyph Types
      • Syriac Character Joining Groups
      • Table 8-14. Dual-Joining Syriac Characters
      • Table 8-15. Right-Joining Syriac Characters
      • Table 8-16. Syriac Alaph Glyph Forms
      • Ligature Classes
      • Table 8-17. Syriac Ligatures
  • 8.4 Samaritan
    • Directionality
    • Vowel Signs
    • Consonant Modifiers
    • Punctuation
    • Table 8-18. Samaritan Performative Punctuation Marks
  • 8.5 Thaana
    • Directionality
    • Vowels
    • Table 8-19. Thaana Glyph Placement
    • Numerals
    • Punctuation
    • Character Names and Arrangement
• South Asian Scripts-I
  • 9.1 Devanagari
    • Devanagari: U+0900–U+097F
      • Standards
      • Encoding Principles
    • Principles of the Devanagari Script
      • Rendering Devanagari Characters
      • Consonant Letters
      • Independent Vowel Letters
      • Dependent Vowel Signs (Matras)
      • Vowel Letters
      • Table 9-1. Devanagari Vowel Letters
      • Virama (Halant)
      • Figure 9-1. Dead Consonants in Devanagari
      • Consonant Conjuncts
      • Figure 9-2. Conjunct Formations in Devanagari
      • Explicit Virama (Halant)
      • Figure 9-3. Preventing Conjunct Forms in Devanagari
      • Explicit Half-Consonants
      • Figure 9-4. Half-Consonants in Devanagari
      • Figure 9-5. Independent Half-Forms in Devanagari
      • Figure 9-6. Half-Consonants in Oriya
      • Consonant Forms
      • Figure 9-7. Consonant Forms in Devanagari and Oriya
    • Rendering Devanagari
      • Rules for Rendering
      • Notation
      • Dead Consonant Rule
      • Consonant RA Rules
      • Modifier Mark Rules
      • Ligature Rules
      • Memory Representation and Rendering Order
      • Figure 9-8. Rendering Order in Devanagari
      • Sample Half-Forms
      • Table 9-2. Sample Devanagari Half-Forms
      • Sample Ligatures
      • Table 9-3. Sample Devanagari Ligatures
      • Sample Half-Ligature Forms
      • Table 9-4. Sample Devanagari Half-Ligature Forms
      • Language-Specific Allographs
      • Figure 9-9. Marathi Allographs
      • Combining Marks
    • Devanagari Digits, Punctuation, and Symbols
      • Digits
      • Punctuation
      • Other Symbols
    • Extensions in the Main Devanagari Block
      • Sindhi Letters
      • Konkani
      • Bodo, Dogri, and Maithili
      • Figure 9-10. Use of Apostrophe in Bodo, Dogri and Maithili
      • Figure 9-11. Use of Avagraha in Dogri
      • Kashmiri Letters
      • Letters for Bihari Languages
      • Table 9-5. Devanagari Vowels Used in Bihari Languges
      • Prishthamatra Orthography
      • Table 9-6. Prishthamatra Orthography
    • Devanagari Extended: U+A8E0-U+A8FF
      • Cantillation Marks for the SZmaveda
      • Marks of Nasalization
      • Editorial Marks
    • Vedic Extensions: U+1CD0-U+1CFF
      • Tone Marks
      • Diacritics for the Visarga.
      • Nasalization Marks
      • Ardhavisarga
  • 9.2 Bengali (Bangla)
    • Virama (Hasant)
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 9-7. Bengali Vowel Letters
    • Two-Part Vowel Signs
    • Special Characters
    • Historic Characters
    • Characters for Assamese
    • Rendering Behavior
    • Consonant-Vowel Ligatures
    • Table 9-8. Bengali Consonant-Vowel Combinations
    • Figure 9-12. Requesting Bengali Consonant-Vowel Ligature
    • Figure 9-13. Blocking Bengali Consonant-Vowel Ligature
    • Khiya
    • Khanda Ta.
    • Figure 9-14. Bengali Syllable tta
    • Ya-phalaa
    • Interaction of Repha and Ya-phalaa
    • Punctuation
    • Truncation
    • Table 9-9. Use of Apostrophe in Bangla
  • 9.3 Gurmukhi
    • Encoding Principles
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 9-10. Gurmukhi Vowel Letters
    • Tones
    • Ordering
    • Rendering Behavior
    • Table 9-11. Gurmukhi Conjuncts
    • Table 9-12. Additional Pairin and Addha Forms in Gurmukhi
    • Table 9-13. Use of Joiners in Gurmukhi
    • Other Symbols
    • Punctuation
  • 9.4 Gujarati
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 9-14. Gujarati Vowel Letters
    • Rendering Behavior
    • Table 9-15. Gujarati Conjuncts
    • Punctuation
  • 9.5 Oriya
    • Special Characters
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 9-16. Oriya Vowel Letters
    • Rendering Behavior
    • Table 9-17. Oriya Conjuncts
    • Consonant Forms
    • Vowels
    • Table 9-18. Oriya Vowel Placement
    • Oriya VA and WA.
    • Punctuation and Symbols
    • Fraction Characters
  • 9.6 Tamil
    • Tamil: U+0B80–U+0BFF
      • Virama (Pulli)
      • Figure 9-15. Kssa Ligature in Tamil
      • Rendering of the Tamil Script
    • Tamil Vowels
      • Independent Versus Dependent Vowels
      • Left-Side Vowels
      • Table 9-19. Tamil Vowel Reordering
      • Two-Part Vowels
      • Figure 9-16. Tamil Two-Part Vowels
      • Table 9-20. Tamil Vowel Splitting and Reordering
      • Figure 9-17. Vowel Reordering Around a Tamil Conjunct
    • Tamil Ligatures
      • Ligatures with Vowel i
      • Figure 9-18. Tamil Ligatures with i
      • Ligatures with Vowel u
      • Table 9-21. Tamil Ligatures with u
      • Figure 9-19. Spacing Forms of Tamil u
      • Ligatures with ra
      • Figure 9-20. Tamil Ligatures with ra
      • Ligatures with aa in Traditional Tamil Orthography
      • Figure 9-21. Traditional Tamil Ligatures with aa
      • Figure 9-22. Traditional Tamil Ligatures with o
      • Ligatures with ai in Traditional Tamil Orthography
      • Figure 9-23. Traditional Tamil Ligatures with ai
      • Figure 9-24. Vowel ai in Modern Tamil
      • Tamil aytham
      • Punctuation
    • Tamil Named Character Sequences
      • Table 9-22. Tamil Vowels, Consonants, and Syllables
  • 9.7 Telugu
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 9-23. Telugu Vowel Letters
    • Rendering Behavior
    • NakZra-Pollu
    • Table 9-24. Rendering of Telugu na + virama
    • Reph
    • Special Characters
    • Fractions
    • Punctuation
  • 9.8 Kannada
    • Kannada: U+0C80–U+0CFF
    • Principles of the Kannada Script
      • Vowel Letters
      • Table 9-25. Kannada Vowel Letters
      • Consonant Conjuncts
      • Special Characters
      • Kannada Letter LLLA
    • Rendering Kannada
      • Explicit Virama (Halant)
      • Consonant Clusters Involving RA
      • Modifier Mark Rules
      • Avagraha Sign
      • Punctuation
  • 9.9 Malayalam
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 9-26. Malayalam Vowel Letters
    • Rendering Behavior
    • Table 9-27. Malayalam Orthographic Reform
    • Table 9-28. Malayalam Conjuncts
    • Table 9-29. Candrakala Examples
    • Chillu Characters
    • Table 9-30. Atomic Encoding of Malayalam Chillus
    • Special Cases Involving ra
    • Table 9-31. Malayalam /rr/ and /tt/
    • Table 9-32. Malayalam /nr/ and /nt/
    • Dot Reph
    • Historic Characters
    • Special Characters
    • Punctuation
• South Asian Scripts-II
  • 10.1 Sinhala
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 10-1. Sinhala Vowel Letters
    • Other Letters for Tamil.
    • Historical Symbols.
  • 10.2 Tibetan
    • General Principles of the Tibetan Script
    • Figure 10-1. Tibetan Syllable Structure
    • Consonants
    • Vowels
    • Coding Order
    • Allographical Considerations
    • Head Position "ra"
    • Full-Form "ra" in Head Position.
    • Subjoined Position "wa", "ya", and "ra"
    • Halanta (Srog-Med).
    • Line Breaking Considerations
    • Tibetan Punctuation
    • Svasti Signs
    • Other Characters
    • Tibetan Half-Numbers
    • Tibetan Transliteration and Transcription of Other Languages
    • Other Signs
    • Traditional Text Formatting and Line Justification
    • Figure 10-2. Justifying Tibetan Tseks
    • Tibetan Shorthand Abbreviations (bskungs-yig) and Limitations of the Encoding
  • 10.3 Lepcha
    • Structure
    • Vowels
    • Medials
    • Retroflex Consonants
    • Ordering of Syllable Components
    • Table 10-2. Lepcha Syllabic Structure
    • Rendering
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
  • 10.4 Phags-pa
    • History
    • Basic Structure
    • Syllable Division
    • Candrabindu
    • Figure 10-3. Phags-pa Syllable Om
    • Alternate Letters
    • Numbers
    • Punctuation
    • Positional Variants
    • Table 10-3. Phags-pa Positional Forms of I, U, E, and O
    • Mirrored Variants
    • Table 10-4. Contextual Glyph Mirroring in Phags-pa
    • Table 10-5. Phags-pa Standardized Variants
    • Figure 10-4. Phags-pa Reversed Shaping
  • 10.5 Limbu
    • Consonants
    • Vowels
    • Vowel Length
    • Glottalization
    • Collating Order
    • Glyph Placement
    • Table 10-6. Positions of Limbu Combining Characters
    • Punctuation
    • Digits
  • 10.6 Syloti Nagri
    • Virama and Conjuncts
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
    • Poetry Marks
  • 10.7 Kaithi
    • Standards
    • Styles
    • Rendering Behavior
    • Vowel Letters
    • Consonant Conjuncts
    • Ruled Lines
    • Nukta
    • Punctuation
    • Digits
  • 10.8 Saurashtra
    • Glyph Placement
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
    • Saurashtra Consonant Sign Haaru
  • 10.9 Sharada
    • Rendering Behavior
    • Ruled Lines
    • Virama
    • Candrabindu and Avagraha
    • Jihvamuliya and Upadhmaniya
    • Punctuation
    • Digits
  • 10.10 Takri
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 10-7. Takri Vowel Letters
    • Consonant Conjuncts
    • Nukta
    • Headlines
    • Punctuation
    • Fractions
  • 10.11 Chakma
    • Independent Vowels
    • Vowel Killer and Virama
    • Chakma Fonts
    • Punctuation
    • Digits
  • 10.12 Meetei Mayek
    • Structure
    • Vowel Letters
    • Final Consonants
    • Abbreviations
    • Order
    • Punctuation
    • Digits
  • 10.13 Ol Chiki
    • Structure
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
    • Modifier Letters
    • Glottalization
    • Aspiration
    • Ligatures
  • 10.14 Sora Sompeng
    • Encoding Structure
    • Character Names
    • Punctuation
    • Linebreaking
  • 10.15 Kharoshthi
    • Kharoshthi: U+10A00–U+10A5F
      • Figure 10-5. Geographical Extent of the Kharoshthi Script
      • Directionality
      • Diacritic Marks and Vowels
      • Numerals
      • Figure 10-6. Kharoshthi Number 1996
      • Punctuation
      • Word Breaks, Line Breaks, and Hyphenation
      • Sorting
    • Rendering Kharoshthi
      • Figure 10-7. Kharoshthi Rendering Example
      • Combining Vowels
      • Table 10-8. Kharoshthi Vowel Signs
      • Combining Vowel Modifiers
      • Table 10-9. Kharoshthi Vowel Modifiers
      • Combining Consonant Modifiers
      • Table 10-10. Kharoshthi Consonant Modifiers
      • Virama
      • Table 10-11. Examples of Kharoshthi Virama
  • 10.16 Brahmi
    • Encoding Model
    • Vowel Letters
    • Table 10-12. Brahmi Vowel Letters
    • Rendering Behavior
    • Figure 10-8. Consonant Ligatures in Brahmi
    • Vowel Modifiers
    • Old Tamil Brahmi
    • Bhattiprolu Brahmi
    • Punctuation
    • Numerals
    • Table 10-13. Brahmi Positional Digits
• Southeast Asian Scripts
  • 11.1 Thai
    • Standards.
    • Encoding Principles.
    • Table 11-1. Glyph Positions in Thai Syllables
    • Rendering of Thai Combining Marks
    • Thai Punctuation
    • Spacing
    • Thai Transcription of Pali and Sanskrit
  • 11.2 Lao
    • Encoding Principles
    • Punctuation
    • Glyph Placement
    • Table 11-2. Glyph Positions in Lao Syllables
    • Additional Letters
    • Rendering of Lao Combining Marks
    • Lao Aspirated Nasals
  • 11.3 Myanmar
    • Myanmar: U+1000–U+109F
      • Standards
      • Encoding Principles
      • Composite Characters
      • Encoding Subranges
      • Conjuncts
      • Kinzi
      • Medial Consonants
      • Asat
      • Contractions
      • Great sa
      • Tall aa
      • Ordering of Syllable Components
      • Table 11-3. Myanmar Syllabic Structure
      • Spacing.
    • Myanmar Extended-A: U+AA60–U+AA7F
    • Khamti Shan
      • Consonants
      • Vowels
      • Tones
      • Table 11-4. Khamti Shan Tone Marks
      • Digits
      • Other Symbols
      • Subjoined Characters
      • Historical Khamti Shan
    • Aiton and Phake
      • Consonants
      • Subjoined Consonants
      • Vowels
      • Ligatures
      • Tones
  • 11.4 Khmer
    • Khmer: U+1780–U+17FF
    • Principles of the Khmer Script
      • Glottal Consonant
      • Table 11-5. Independent Khmer Vowel Characters
      • Subscript Consonants
      • Subscript Independent Vowel Signs
      • Consonant Registers
      • Table 11-6. Two Registers of Khmer Consonants
      • Encoding Principles
      • Subscript Consonant Signs
      • Table 11-7. Khmer Subscript Consonant Signs
      • Dependent Vowel Signs
      • Table 11-8. Khmer Composite Dependent Vowel Signs with Nikahit
      • Independent Vowel Characters
      • Subscript Independent Vowel Signs
      • Table 11-9. Khmer Subscript Independent Vowel Signs
      • Other Signs as Syllabic Components
      • Ligatures
      • Figure 11-1. Common Ligatures in Khmer
      • Multiple Glyphs
      • Figure 11-2. Common Multiple Forms in Khmer
      • Characters Whose Use Is Discouraged
      • Ordering of Syllable Components.
      • Figure 11-3. Examples of Syllabic Order in Khmer
      • Consonant Shifters
      • Ligature Control
      • Figure 11-4. Ligation in Muul Style in Khmer
      • Spacing.
    • Khmer Symbols: U+19E0–U+19FF
      • Symbols
  • 11.5 Tai Le
    • Table 11-10. Tai Le Tone Marks
    • Digits.
    • Table 11-11. Myanmar Digits
    • Punctuation.
  • 11.6 New Tai Lue
    • Syllabic Structure
    • Table 11-12. New Tai Lue Vowel Placement
    • Final Consonants
    • Tones
    • Table 11-13. New Tai Lue Registers and Tones
    • Digits
  • 11.7 Tai Tham
    • Consonants
    • Independent Vowels
    • Dependent Consonant Signs
    • Dependent Vowel Signs
    • Tone Marks
    • Other Combining Marks
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
    • Collating Order
    • Linebreaking
  • 11.8 Tai Viet
    • Structure
    • Visual Order
    • Tone Classes and Tone Marks
    • Final Consonants
    • Symbols and Punctuation
    • Table 11-14. Tai Viet Symbols and Punctuation
    • Word Spacing
    • Collating Order
  • 11.9 Kayah Li
    • Structure
    • Vowels
    • Tones
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
  • 11.10 Cham
    • Structure
    • Independent Vowel Letters
    • Consonants
    • Ordering of Syllable Components
    • Table 11-15. Cham Syllabic Structure
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
    • Line Breaking
  • 11.11 Philippine Scripts
    • Tagalog: U+1700–U+171F
    • Hanunóo: U+1720–U+173F
    • Buhid: U+1740–U+175F
    • Tagbanwa: U+1760–U+177F
    • Principles of the Philippine Scripts
      • Consonant Letters.
      • Independent Vowel Letters.
      • Dependent Vowel Signs.
      • Virama.
      • Directionality.
      • Rendering.
      • Table 11-16. Hanunóo and Buhid Vowel Sign Combinations
      • Punctuation.
  • 11.12 Buginese
    • Structure
    • Ligature
    • Figure 11-5. Buginese Ligature
    • Order
    • Punctuation
    • Numerals
  • 11.13 Balinese
    • Structure
    • Table 11-17. Balinese Base Consonants and Conjunct Forms
    • Table 11-18. Sasak Extensions for Balinese
    • Behavior of ra
    • Figure 11-6. Writing dharma in Balinese
    • Behavior of ra repa
    • Rendering
    • Table 11-19. Balinese Consonant Clusters with u and u:
    • Nukta
    • Ordering
    • Punctuation
    • Hyphenation
    • Musical Symbols
    • Modre Symbols
  • 11.14 Javanese
    • Consonants
    • Independent Vowels
    • Dependent Vowels
    • Figure 11-7. Representation of Javanese Two-Part Vowels
    • Consonant Signs
    • Rendering
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
    • Reduplication
    • Ordering of Syllable Components
    • Linebreaking
  • 11.15 Rejang
    • Structure
    • Rendering
    • Ordering
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
  • 11.16 Batak
    • Structure
    • Rendering
    • Punctuation
    • Linebreaking
  • 11.17 Sundanese
    • Structure
    • Consonant Additions
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
    • Ordering
    • Ordering of Syllable Components
    • Table 11-20. Sundanese Syllabic Structure
    • Rendering
• East Asian Scripts
  • 12.1 Han
    • CJK Unified Ideographs
    • CJK Standards
      • Table 12-1. Sources for Unified Han
      • Omission of Repertoire for Some Sources
    • Blocks Containing Han Ideographs
      • Table 12-2. Blocks Containing Han Ideographs
      • Table 12-3. Small Extensions to the URO
      • IICore
    • General Characteristics of Han Ideographs
      • Table 12-4. Common Han Characters
      • Terminology
      • Distinguishing Han Character Usage Between Languages
      • Figure 12-1. Han Spelling
      • Figure 12-2. Semantic Context for Han Characters
      • Simplified and Traditional Chinese
      • Dialects and Early Forms of Chinese
      • Sorting Han Ideographs.
      • Character Glyphs
    • Principles of Han Unification
      • Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model
      • Figure 12-3. Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model
    • Unification Rules
      • Figure 12-4. CJK Source Separation
      • Table 12-5. Source Encoding for Sword Variants
      • Figure 12-5. Not Cognates, Not Unified
    • Abstract Shape
      • Two-Level Classification
      • Ideographic Component Structure
      • Figure 12-6. Ideographic Component Structure
      • Figure 12-7. The Most Superior Node of an Ideographic Component
      • Ideograph Features
      • Uniqueness or Unification
      • Spatial Positioning
      • Examples
      • Table 12-6. Ideographs Not Unified
      • Table 12-7. Ideographs Unified
    • Han Ideograph Arrangement
      • Table 12-8. Han Ideograph Arrangement
    • Radical-Stroke Indices
    • Mappings for Han Ideographs
    • CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B: U+20000–U+2A6D6
    • CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C: U+2A700–U+2B734
    • CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D: U+2B740–U+2B81D
    • CJK Compatibility Ideographs: U+F900–U+FAFF
    • CJK Compatibility Supplement: U+2F800–U+2FA1D
    • Kanbun: U+3190–U+319F
    • Symbols Derived from Han Ideographs
    • CJK and KangXi Radicals: U+2E80–U+2FD5
      • Standards.
      • Semantics.
    • CJK Additions from HKSCS and GB 18030
    • CJK Strokes: U+31C0–U+31EF
  • 12.2 Ideographic Description Characters
    • Applicability to Other Scripts
    • Ideographic Description Sequences
    • Figure 12-8. Using the Ideographic Description Characters
    • Equivalence.
    • Interaction with the Ideographic Variation Mark.
    • Rendering.
    • Character Boundaries.
    • Standards.
  • 12.3 Bopomofo
    • Standards
    • Mandarin Tone Marks
    • Table 12-9. Mandarin Tone Marks
    • Standard Mandarin Bopomofo
    • Extended Bopomofo.
    • Extended Bopomofo Tone Marks.
    • Table 12-10. Minnan and Hakka Tone Marks
    • Rendering of Bopomofo.
  • 12.4 Hiragana and Katakana
    • Hiragana: U+3040–U+309F
      • Standards
      • Combining Marks
      • Iteration Marks
      • Vertical Text Digraph
    • Katakana: U+30A0–U+30FF
      • Standards
      • Punctuation-like Characters
      • Vertical Text Digraph
    • Katakana Phonetic Extensions: U+31F0–U+31FF
      • Standards
    • Kana Supplement U+1B000–U+1B0FF
      • Figure 12-9. Japanese Historic Kana for e and ye
  • 12.5 Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
    • Unifications
  • 12.6 Hangul
    • Hangul Jamo: U+1100–U+11FF
    • Hangul Jamo Extended-A: U+A960–U+A97F
    • Hangul Jamo Extended-B: U+D7B0–U+D7FF
    • Hangul Compatibility Jamo: U+3130–U+318F
      • Standards
      • Normalization
      • Table 12-11. Separating Jamo Characters
    • Hangul Syllables: U+AC00–U+D7A3
      • Standards
      • Equivalence
      • Hangul Syllable Composition
      • Hangul Syllable Decomposition
      • Hangul Syllable Name
      • Hangul Syllable Representative Glyph
      • Table 12-12. Line-Based Placement of Jungseong
      • Collation
  • 12.7 Yi
    • Traditional Yi Script
    • Standardized Yi Script
    • Standards
    • Naming Conventions and Order
    • Yi Syllable Iteration Mark
    • Punctuation
    • Rendering
    • Yi Radicals
• Additional Modern Scripts
  • 13.1 Ethiopic
    • Ethiopic: U+1200–U+137F
      • Basic and Extended Ethiopic.
      • Encoding Principles.
      • Variant Glyph Forms.
      • Labialized Subseries.
      • Table 13-1. Labialized Forms in Ethiopic -WAA
      • Table 13-2. Labialized Forms in Ethiopic -WE
      • Keyboard Input.
      • Syllable Names.
      • Encoding Order and Sorting.
      • Word Separators.
      • Section Mark
      • Diacritical Marks.
      • Numbers.
    • Ethiopic Extensions
  • 13.2 Mongolian
    • History
    • Directionality
    • Encoding Principles
    • Figure 13-1. Mongolian Glyph Convergence
    • Cursive Joining
    • Figure 13-2. Mongolian Consonant Ligation
    • Figure 13-3. Mongolian Positional Forms
    • Free Variation Selectors
    • Figure 13-4. Mongolian Free Variation Selector
    • Representative Glyphs
    • Vowel Harmony
    • Figure 13-5. Mongolian Gender Forms
    • Narrow No-Break Space
    • Mongolian Vowel Separator
    • Figure 13-6. Mongolian Vowel Separator
    • Numbers
    • Punctuation
    • Nirugu
    • Syllable Boundary Marker
  • 13.3 Osmanya
    • Structure
    • Ordering
    • Names and Glyphs
  • 13.4 Tifinagh
    • History
    • Source Standards
    • Ordering
    • Directionality
    • Diacritical Marks.
    • Contextual Shaping
    • Figure 13-7. Tifinagh Contextual Shaping
    • Bi-Consonants
    • Figure 13-8. Tifinagh Consonant Joiner and Bi-consonants
  • 13.5 N'Ko
    • Structure
    • Digits
    • Diacritical Marks
    • Table 13-3. N'Ko Tone Diacritics on Vowels
    • Table 13-4. Other N'Ko Diacritic Usage
    • Ordinal Numbers
    • Figure 13-9. Examples of N'Ko Ordinals
    • Punctuation
    • Character Names and Block Name
    • Ordering
    • Rendering
    • Table 13-5. N'Ko Letter Shaping
  • 13.6 Vai
    • Sources
    • Basic Structure
    • Historic Syllables
    • Logograms
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
    • Segmentation
    • Ordering
  • 13.7 Bamum
    • Bamum: U+A6A0–U+A6FF
      • Structure
      • Diacritical Marks
      • Punctuation
      • Digits
    • Bamum Supplement: U+16800–U+16A3F
  • 13.8 Cherokee
    • Tones.
    • Case and Spelling.
    • Numbers.
    • Rendering and Input.
    • Punctuation.
    • Standards.
  • 13.9 Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
    • Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics: U+1400–U+167F
      • Organization
      • Arrangement
      • Extensions
      • Punctuation and Symbols
    • Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended: U+18B0–U+18FF
  • 13.10 Deseret
    • Letter Names and Shapes.
    • Structure.
    • Sorting.
    • Typographic Conventions.
    • Figure 13-10. Short Words Equivalent to Deseret Letter Names
    • Phonetics.
    • Table 13-6. IPA Transcription of Deseret
  • 13.11 Shavian
    • Structure.
    • Collation
  • 13.12 Lisu
    • Structure
    • Tone Letters
    • Table 13-7. Lisu Tone Letters
    • Other Modifier Letters
    • Digits and Separators
    • Punctuation
    • Table 13-8. Punctuation Adopted in Lisu Orthography
    • Linebreaking
    • Word Separation
  • 13.13 Miao
    • Encoding Principles
    • Tone Marks
    • Rendering of "wart"
    • Ordering
    • Digits
    • Punctuation
• Additional Ancient and Historic Scripts
  • 14.1 Ogham
    • Structure.
    • Rendering.
    • Forfeda (Supplementary Characters)
  • 14.2 Old Italic
    • Directionality.
    • Punctuation.
    • Numerals.
    • Glyphs.
    • Figure 14-1. Distribution of Old Italic
  • 14.3 Runic
    • Historical Script
    • Direction
    • The Runic Alphabet
    • Representative Glyphs
    • Unifications
    • Long-Branch and Short-Twig
    • Staveless Runes
    • Punctuation Marks
    • Golden Numbers
    • Encoding
  • 14.4 Gothic
    • Diacritics.
    • Numerals.
    • Punctuation.
  • 14.5 Old Turkic
    • Structure
    • Directionality
    • Punctuation
  • 14.6 Linear B
    • Linear B Syllabary: U+10000–U+1007F
      • Standards
    • Linear B Ideograms: U+10080–U+100FF
    • Aegean Numbers: U+10100–U+1013F
  • 14.7 Cypriot Syllabary
    • Table 14-1. Similar Characters in Linear B and Cypriot
  • 14.8 Ancient Anatolian Alphabets
    • Lycian: U+10280–U+1029F
    • Carian: U+102A0–U+102DF
    • Lydian: U+10920–U+1093F
      • Lycian
      • Carian
      • Lydian
  • 14.9 Old South Arabian
    • Directionality
    • Structure
    • Segmentation
    • Monograms
    • Numbers
    • Table 14-2. Old South Arabian Numeric Characters
    • Table 14-3. Number Formation in Old South Arabian
    • Names
  • 14.10 Phoenician
    • Directionality
    • Punctuation
    • Stylistic Variation
    • Numerals
    • Names
  • 14.11 Imperial Aramaic
    • Directionality
    • Punctuation
    • Numbers
    • Table 14-4. Number Formation in Aramaic
  • 14.12 Mandaic
    • Structure
    • Punctuation
    • Directionality
    • Shaping and Layout Behavior
    • Table 14-5. Dual-Joining Mandaic Characters
    • Table 14-6. Right-Joining Mandaic Characters
    • Linebreaking
  • 14.13 Inscriptional Parthian and Inscriptional Pahlavi
    • Directionality
    • Shaping and Layout Behavior
    • Table 14-7. Inscriptional Parthian Shaping Behavior
    • Numbers
    • Heterograms
  • 14.14 Avestan
    • Directionality
    • Shaping Behavior
    • Table 14-8. Avestan Shaping Behavior
    • Punctuation
  • 14.15 Ugaritic
    • Variant Glyphs
    • Ordering.
    • Character Names.
  • 14.16 Old Persian
    • Directionality
    • Repertoire
    • Numerals
    • Variants
  • 14.17 Sumero-Akkadian
    • Cuneiform: U+12000–U+123FF
      • Early History of Cuneiform
      • Geographic Range
      • Table 14-9. Cuneiform Script Usage
      • Sources and Coverage
      • Simple Signs
      • Complex and Compound Signs
      • Mergers and Splits
      • Glyph Variants Acquiring Independent Semantic Status
      • Formatting
      • Ordering
      • Other Standards
    • Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation: U+12400–U+1247F
      • Cuneiform Punctuation
      • Cuneiform Numerals
  • 14.18 Egyptian Hieroglyphs
    • Structure
    • Directionality
    • Rendering
    • Table 14-10. Hieroglyphic Character Sequence
    • Figure 14-2. Interpretion of Hieroglyphic Markup
    • Hieratic Fonts
    • Repertoire
    • Character Names
    • Sign Classification
    • Enclosures
    • Numerals
  • 14.19 Meroitic Hieroglyphs and Meroitic Cursive
    • Structure
    • Directionality
    • Shaping
    • Punctuation
    • Symbols
• Symbols
  • 15.1 Currency Symbols
    • Unification
    • Figure 15-1. Alternative Glyphs for Dollar Sign
    • Fonts.
    • Table 15-1. Currency Symbols Encoded in Other Blocks
    • Lira Sign
    • Yen and Yuan
    • Euro Sign
    • Indian Rupee Sign
    • Turkish Lira Symbol
  • 15.2 Letterlike Symbols
    • Letterlike Symbols: U+2100–U+214F
      • Numero Sign
      • Figure 15-2. Alternative Glyphs for Numero Sign
      • Unit Symbols
      • Compatibility
      • Styles
      • Standards
    • Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols: U+1D400–U+1D7FF
      • Words Used as Variables.
    • Mathematical Alphabets
      • Basic Set of Alphanumeric Characters.
      • Additional Characters.
      • Dotless Characters
      • Figure 15-3. Wide Mathematical Accents
      • Semantic Distinctions.
      • Figure 15-4. Style Variants and Semantic Distinctions in Mathematics
      • Mathematical Alphabets.
      • Table 15-2. Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
      • Compatibility Decompositions.
    • Fonts Used for Mathematical Alphabets
      • Fraktur
      • Math Italics
      • Figure 15-5. Easily Confused Shapes for Mathematical Glyphs
      • Hard-to-Distinguish Letters.
      • Font Support for Combining Diacritics.
      • Type Style for Script Characters.
      • Double-Struck Characters.
    • Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols: U+1EE00–U+1EEFF
      • Shaping
      • Large Operators
      • Properties
  • 15.3 Numerals
    • Encoding Principles
    • Decimal Digits
      • Table 15-3. Script-Specific Decimal Digits
      • Exceptions
      • CJK Ideographs Used as Decimal Digits
      • Figure 15-6. CJK Ideographic Numbers
    • Other Digits
      • Hexadecimal Digits
      • Compatibility Digits
      • Table 15-4. Compatibility Digits
      • Parsing of Superscript and Subscript Digits
      • Numeric Bullets
      • Glyph Variants of Decimal Digits
      • Figure 15-7. Regular and Old Style Digits
      • Accounting Numbers
    • Non-Decimal Radix Systems
      • Ethiopic Numerals
      • Cuneiform Numerals
      • Other Ancient Numeral Systems
    • Acrophonic Systems and Other Letter-based Numbers
      • Roman Numerals
      • Greek Numerals
    • Rumi Numeral Forms: U+10E60–U+10E7E
    • CJK Numerals
      • CJK Ideographic Traditional Numerals
      • Chinese Counting-Rod Numerals
      • Suzhou-Style Numerals
    • Fractions
      • Figure 15-8. Alternate Forms of Vulgar Fractions
    • Common Indic Number Forms: U+A830–U+A83F
  • 15.4 Superscript and Subscript Symbols
    • Superscripts and Subscripts: U+2070–U+209F
      • Parsing of Superscript and Subscript Digits
      • Standards
      • Superscripts and Subscripts in Other Blocks
  • 15.5 Mathematical Symbols
    • Semantics.
    • Mathematical Property
    • Mathematical Operators: U+2200–U+22FF
      • Standards
      • Encoding Principles
      • Unifications
      • Greek-Derived Symbols
      • N-ary Operators
      • Invisible Operators
      • Minus Sign
      • Delimiters
      • Bidirectional Layout
      • Other Elements of Mathematical Notation
    • Supplements to Mathematical Symbols and Arrows
      • Standards.
    • Supplemental Mathematical Operators: U+2A00–U+2AFF
    • Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A: U+27C0–U+27EF
      • Mathematical Brackets.
      • Long Division
      • Fractional Slash and Other Diagonals
    • Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B: U+2980–U+29FF
      • Wiggly Fence.
    • Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows: U+2B00–U+2B7F
    • Arrows: U+2190–U+21FF
      • Bidirectional Layout
      • Standards
      • Unifications
    • Supplemental Arrows
      • Long Arrows.
    • Standardized Variants of Mathematical Symbols
      • Change in Representative Glyphs for U+2278 and U+2279
  • 15.6 Invisible Mathematical Operators
    • Invisible Separator
    • Invisible Multiplication
    • Invisible Plus
    • Invisible Function Application
  • 15.7 Technical Symbols
    • Control Pictures: U+2400–U+243F
      • Code Points for Pictures for Control Codes
      • Pictures for ASCII Space
      • Standards
    • Miscellaneous Technical: U+2300–U+23FF
      • Keytop Labels.
      • Floor and Ceiling
      • Crops and Quine Corners
      • Figure 15-9. Usage of Crops and Quine Corners
      • Angle Brackets.
      • APL Functional Symbols
      • Symbol Pieces.
      • Table 15-5. Use of Mathematical Symbol Pieces
      • Horizontal Brackets
      • Terminal Graphics Characters.
      • Decimal Exponent Symbol
      • Figure 15-10. Usage of the Decimal Exponent Symbol
      • Dental Symbols.
      • Metrical Symbols
      • Electrotechnical Symbols
      • User Interface Symbols
      • Standards.
    • Optical Character Recognition: U+2440–U+245F
      • Standards
  • 15.8 Geometrical Symbols
    • Box Drawing and Block Elements
      • Box Drawing
      • Block Elements
      • Standards
    • Geometric Shapes: U+25A0–U+25FF
      • Hatched Squares
      • Lozenge
      • Use in Mathematics
      • Standards
  • 15.9 Miscellaneous Symbols
    • Rendering of Emoji Symbols
    • Color Words in Unicode Character Names
    • Miscellaneous Symbols: U+2600–U+26FF
    • Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs: U+1F300–U+1F5FF
      • Standards
      • Weather Symbols
      • Traffic Signs
      • Dictionary and Map Symbols
      • Plastic Bottle Material Code System.
      • Recycling Symbol for Generic Materials.
      • Universal Recycling Symbol.
      • Paper Recycling Symbols.
      • Gender Symbols
      • Genealogical Symbols
      • Game Symbols
      • Animal Symbols
      • Cultural Symbols
      • Miscellaneous Symbols in Other Blocks
    • Emoticons: U+1F600–U+1F64F
    • Transport and Map Symbols: U+1F680–U+1F6FF
    • Dingbats: U+2700–U+27BF
      • Unifications and Additions.
      • Ornamental Brackets.
    • Alchemical Symbols: U+1F700–U+1F77F
    • Mahjong Tiles: U+1F000–U+1F02F
    • Domino Tiles: U+1F030–U+1F09F
    • Playing Cards: U+1F0A0–U+1F0FF
    • Yijing Hexagram Symbols: U+4DC0–U+4DFF
    • Tai Xuan Jing Symbols: U+1D300–U+1D356
      • Monograms
      • Digrams
      • Tetragrams
    • Ancient Symbols: U+10190–U+101CF
    • Phaistos Disc Symbols: U+101D0–U+101FF
      • Directionality
  • 15.10 Enclosed and Square
    • Enclosed Symbols
    • Square Symbols
    • Source Standards
    • Allocation
    • Decomposition
    • Casing
    • Enclosed Alphanumerics: U+2460–U+24FF
    • Enclosed CJK Letters and Months: U+3200–U+32FF
    • CJK Compatibility: U+3300–U+33FF
      • Japanese Era Names
      • Table 15-6. Japanese Era Names
    • Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement: U+1F100–U+1F1FF
      • Regional Indicator Symbols
    • Enclosed Ideographic Supplement: U+1F200–U+1F2FF
  • 15.11 Braille
    • Example
    • Usage Model.
    • Imaging.
    • Script
  • 15.12 Western Musical Symbols
    • Glyphs
    • Symbols in Other Blocks
    • Gregorian
    • Processing.
    • Input Methods.
    • Directionality.
    • Figure 15-11. Examples of Specialized Music Layout
    • Format Characters.
    • Precomposed Note Characters.
    • Figure 15-12. Precomposed Note Characters
    • Alternative Noteheads.
    • Figure 15-13. Alternative Noteheads
    • Augmentation Dots and Articulation Symbols.
    • Figure 15-14. Augmentation Dots and Articulation Symbols
    • Ornamentation.
    • Table 15-7. Examples of Ornamentation
  • 15.13 Byzantine Musical Symbols
    • Processing.
  • 15.14 Ancient Greek Musical Notation
    • Unification
    • Table 15-8. Representation of Ancient Greek Vocal and Instrumental Notation
    • Naming Conventions
    • Font
    • Combining Marks
• Special Areas and Format Characters
  • 16.1 Control Codes
    • Representing Control Sequences
      • Escape Sequences
    • Specification of Control Code Semantics
      • Table 16-1. Control Codes Specified in the Unicode Standard
      • Newline Function
  • 16.2 Layout Controls
    • Line and Word Breaking
      • No-Break Space
      • Word Joiner
      • Zero Width No-Break Space
      • Zero Width Space
      • Table 16-2. Letter Spacing
      • Zero-Width Spaces and Joiner Characters
      • Hyphenation.
      • Line and Paragraph Separator
    • Cursive Connection and Ligatures
      • Joiner
      • Non-joiner
      • Cursive Connection
      • Figure 16-1. Prevention of Joining
      • Figure 16-2. Exhibition of Joining Glyphs in Isolation
      • Examples.
      • Figure 16-3. Effect of Intervening Joiners
      • Transparency
      • Joiner and Non-joiner in Indic Scripts
      • Implementation Notes.
      • Filtering Joiner and Non-joiner
    • Combining Grapheme Joiner
      • Blocking Reordering
      • CGJ and Collation
      • Rendering
      • CGJ and Joiner Characters
    • Bidirectional Ordering Controls
      • Table 16-3. Bidirectional Ordering Controls
    • Stateful Format Controls
      • Table 16-4. Paired Stateful Controls
      • Table 16-5. Paired Stateful Controls (Deprecated)
  • 16.3 Deprecated Format Characters
    • Symmetric Swapping
    • Character Shaping Selectors
    • Numeric Shape Selectors
  • 16.4 Variation Selectors
    • Variation Sequence
    • Mongolian
  • 16.5 Private-Use Characters
    • Properties.
    • Normalization.
    • Private Use Area: U+E000–U+F8FF
      • Encoding Structure.
      • Corporate Use Subarea.
      • End-User Subarea.
      • Allocation of Subareas.
    • Supplementary Private Use Areas
      • Encoding Structure.
  • 16.6 Surrogates Area
    • High-Surrogate
    • Low-Surrogate
    • Private-Use High-Surrogates
  • 16.7 Noncharacters
    • U+FFFF and U+10FFFF
    • U+FFFE
  • 16.8 Specials
    • Byte Order Mark (BOM): U+FEFF
      • Table 16-6. Unicode Encoding Scheme Signatures
      • Table 16-7. U+FEFF Signature in Other Charsets
    • Specials: U+FFF0–U+FFF8
    • Annotation Characters: U+FFF9–U+FFFB
      • Figure 16-4. Annotation Characters
      • Conformance
      • Use in Plain Text
      • Lexical Restrictions
      • Formatting
      • Input
      • Collation
      • Bidirectional Text
    • Replacement Characters: U+FFFC–U+FFFD
      • U+FFFC
      • U+FFFD
  • 16.9 Deprecated Tag Characters
    • Deprecated Tag Characters: U+E0000–U+E007F
    • Syntax for Embedding Tags
      • Tag Identification.
      • Tag Termination.
      • Language Tags.
      • Tag Scope and Nesting.
      • Figure 16-5. Tag Characters
      • Canceling Tag Values.
    • Working with Language Tags
      • Avoiding Language Tags.
      • Higher-Level Protocols.
      • Effect of Tags on Interpretation of Text.
      • Display.
      • Processing.
      • Range Checking for Tag Characters.
      • Editing and Modification.
      • Dangers of Incomplete Support.
    • Unicode Conformance Issues
    • Formal Tag Syntax
• About the Code Charts
  • 17.1 Character Names List
    • Images in the Code Charts and Character Lists
      • Fonts
      • Alternative Forms
      • Orientation
    • Special Characters and Code Points
      • Combining Characters
      • Dashed Box Convention
      • Reserved Characters
      • Noncharacters
      • Deprecated Characters
    • Character Names
    • Informative Aliases
    • Normative Aliases
    • Cross References
      • Explicit Inequality
      • Other Linguistic Relationships
    • Information About Languages
    • Case Mappings
    • Decompositions
    • Standardized Variation Sequences
    • Subheads
  • 17.2 CJK Unified and Compatibility Ideographs
    • CJK Unified Ideographs
      • Table 17-1. IRG Sources
      • Chart for the Main CJK Block
      • Figure 17-1. CJK Chart Format for the Main CJK Block
      • Charts for CJK Extensions
      • Figure 17-2. CJK Chart Format for CJK Extension A
      • Figure 17-3. CJK Chart Format for CJK Extension B
    • Compatibility Ideographs
      • Figure 17-4. CJK Chart Format for Compatibility Ideographs
  • 17.3 Hangul Syllables
• Notational Conventions
  • Code Points
  • Character Names
  • Character Blocks
  • Sequences
  • Rendering
    • Figure A-1. Example of Rendering
  • Properties and Property Values
  • Miscellaneous
  • Extended BNF
    • Table A-1. Extended BNF
    • Character Classes
    • Table A-2. Character Class Examples
  • Operators
    • Table A-3. Operators
• Unicode Publications and Resources
  • B.1 The Unicode Consortium
    • The Unicode Technical Committee
    • Other Activities
  • B.2 Unicode Publications
  • B.3 Unicode Technical Standards
    • UTS #6: A Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode
    • UTS #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm
    • UTS #18: Unicode Regular Expressions
    • UTS #22: Character Mapping Markup Language (CharMapML)
    • UTS #35: Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)
    • UTS #37: Unicode Ideographic Variation Database
    • UTS #39: Unicode Security Mechanisms
  • B.4 Unicode Technical Reports
    • UTR #16: UTF-EBCDIC
    • UTR #17: Unicode Character Encoding Model
    • UTR #20: Unicode in XML and Other Markup Languages
    • UTR #23: The Unicode Character Property Model
    • UTR #25: Unicode Support for Mathematics
    • UTR #26: Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-Bit (CESU-8)
    • UTR #33: Unicode Conformance Model
    • UTR #36: Unicode Security Considerations
  • B.5 Unicode Technical Notes
  • B.6 Other Unicode Online Resources
    • Unicode Online Resources
      • Unicode Web Site
      • Unicode Anonymous FTP Site
      • Charts
      • Character Index
      • Conferences
      • E-mail Discussion List
      • FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
      • Glossary
      • Online Unicode Character Database
      • Online Unihan Database
      • Policies
      • Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)
      • Updates and Errata
      • Versions
      • Where Is My Character?
    • How to Contact the Unicode Consortium
• Relationship to ISO/IEC 10646
  • C.1 History
    • Table C-1. Timeline
  • C.2 Encoding Forms in ISO/IEC 10646
    • UCS-4
    • UCS-2
    • Zero Extending
      • Table C-2. Zero Extending
  • C.3 UTF-8 and UTF-16
    • UTF-8
    • UTF-16
  • C.4 Synchronization of the Standards
  • C.5 Identification of Features for the Unicode Standard
  • C.6 Character Names
  • C.7 Character Functional Specifications
• Changes from Previous Versions
  • D.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard
    • Table D-1. Versions of Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646-1
    • Table D-2. Allocation of Code Points by Type
    • Table D-3. Allocation of Code Points by Type (Early Versions)
  • D.2 Clause and Definition Updates
    • Table D-4. Version 5.1 Clause and Definition Updates
    • Table D-5. Version 5.2 Clause and Definition Updates
    • Table D-6. Version 6.0 Clause and Definition Updates
    • Table D-7. Version 6.1 Clause and Definition Updates
• Han Unification History
  • E.1 Development of the URO
  • E.2 Ideographic Rapporteur Group
• Documentation of CJK Strokes
  • Table F-1. CJK Strokes
• References
  • R.1 Source Standards and Specifications
  • R.2 Source Dictionaries for Han Unification
  • R.3 Other Sources for the Unicode Standard
  • R.4 Selected Resources: Technical
  • R.5 Selected Resources: Other
• I General Index
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