Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language used to build web apps, mobile applications, and enterprise software systems. It is known for its Write Once, Run Anywhere capability, which means code written in Java can run on any device that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Java syntax and structure is similar to C-based languages like C++ and C#. Its robustness, platform-independent compatibility, and strong memory management have made it a go-to language for developers worldwide.
This Java tutorial is designed for both beginners and experienced professionals and it covers basic to advanced Java topics.
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Why Learn Java?
- Java is used to build Android apps, desktop and web apps, enterprise backend systems, and cloud-based software.
- Java is in high demand with many job opportunities in software development.
- Java has popular frameworks like Spring and Hibernate which makes Java powerful for enterprise applications.
- Java supports object-oriented programming for clean and reusable code.
- It runs on all platforms Windows, Mac, and Linux using the JVM.
- Top companies like Amazon, Netflix, and LinkedIn use Java.
Java Hello World Program
Here is a simple Java program that prints "Hello World".
Java
// A Java program to print "Hello World"
public class Geeks {
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
Java Basics
Java basics form the foundation of your programming journey, covering essential concepts like syntax, data types, variables, loops, and conditionals. Mastering these fundamentals is key to building strong, error-free Java applications:
Java Methods
Java methods are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks and help organize your program. They improve code readability, reduce repetition, and make debugging easier:
Java Arrays
Java arrays are containers that store multiple values of the same data type in a single variable. They provide an efficient way to manage and access collections of data using index-based positions:
Java Strings
Java Strings represent sequences of characters and are widely used in text processing. They are immutable, meaning once created, their values cannot be changed:
Java OOPs Concepts
Java follows the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm, which organizes code into classes and objects. Core OOP principles like inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction make Java modular and scalable:
Java Interfaces
Java interfaces define a contract that classes must follow, specifying method signatures without implementations. They enable abstraction and support multiple inheritance in Java through a clean, structured approach:
Java Collections
Java Collections provide a framework for storing and manipulating groups of objects efficiently. It includes interfaces like List, Set, and Map, along with classes like ArrayList, HashSet, and HashMap:
Java Exception Handling
ava Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors, ensuring the program runs smoothly without crashing. It uses keywords like try, catch, throw, throws, and finally to manage exceptions:
Java Multithreading
Java Multithreading allows concurrent execution of two or more threads, enabling efficient CPU utilization and faster program performance. It is commonly used for tasks like parallel processing and responsive applications:
Java File Handling
Java File Handling enables programs to create, read, write, and manipulate files stored on the system. It uses classes from the java.io and java.nio packages for efficient file operations:
Java Streams and Lambda Expressions
Java Streams and Lambda Expressions simplify data processing by enabling functional-style operations on collections. Lambdas provide concise syntax for anonymous functions, while Streams allow efficient filtering, mapping, and reduction of data:
Java IO
Java IO (Input/Output) provides a set of classes and streams to read and write data from various sources like files, consoles, and network connections. It is part of the java.io package and supports both byte and character streams:
Java Synchronization
Java Synchronization is used to control access to shared resources in multithreaded environments. It ensures that only one thread can access a critical section at a time, preventing data inconsistency:
Java Regex
Java Regex (Regular Expressions) allows pattern matching and text manipulation using the java.util.regex package. It is powerful for validating, searching, and replacing strings based on specific patterns:
Java Networking
Java Networking enables communication between devices over a network using classes from the java.net package. It supports protocols like TCP and UDP for building client-server applications and data exchange:
Java Database Connectivity(JDBC)
Java Memory Allocation
Java Memory Allocation refers to how memory is assigned to variables, objects, and classes during program execution. It involves stack and heap memory, with the JVM managing allocation and garbage collection automatically:
Java Interview Questions
Prepare for Java interviews with these commonly asked questions, covering core concepts, OOP, collections, multithreading, exception handling, and frameworks like Spring and Hibernate:
Best Approach to Learn Java
Here’s the step-by-step approach to learn and master Java efficiently and effectively:
1. Understand Java Fundamentals: Start with the basics: what Java is, how it works (JVM, JRE, JDK), and why it’s platform-independent. Learn about Java’s role in building desktop, web, and mobile applications.
2. Set Up the Java Environment: Install the latest JDK and configure your development environment. Use a beginner-friendly IDE like IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse, or VS Code for writing and testing your code.
3. Learn Core Java Concepts: Focus on essential topics like variables, data types, operators, control structures (if-else, switch, loops), and input/output. Practice writing simple programs to strengthen your understanding.
4. Master Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Dive into the pillars of OOP—classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction. Understand how Java handles these concepts and how to apply them effectively in real projects.
5. Explore Collections and Data Structures: Learn about Java's Collection Framework—ArrayList, HashMap, Set, LinkedList, and more. Understand how to use them and when to choose one over the other.
6. Work with Exception Handling: Understand the importance of error handling in Java using try-catch blocks, finally, throw, and custom exceptions. Learn best practices for writing clean, safe code.
7. Get Comfortable with File I/O: Learn how Java reads from and writes to files using File, FileReader, BufferedReader, FileWriter, and Streams. Practice creating programs that manage and manipulate file data.
8. Understand Multithreading and Concurrency: Grasp the basics of threads, synchronization, and concurrent programming. Learn how Java handles multiple tasks simultaneously using the Thread class and ExecutorService.
9. Learn Java Libraries and APIs: Familiarize yourself with essential APIs like Java Math, Date & Time (java.time), and String manipulation. Explore popular libraries like Apache Commons, Gson, or Jackson for real-world development.
10. Build Real-World Projects: Apply your knowledge by building console apps, file management systems, or basic desktop GUIs using JavaFX or Swing. Gradually move into web development with Java Servlets, JSP, or Spring Boot.
Java Program Examples
Java Coding Practice Problems
Java Quizzes and MCQs
Important Java Projects
Career & Jobs in Java 2025
Java opens doors to a wide range of tech careers across industries—from enterprise software to mobile apps and cloud systems. Here’s a list of top career options for professionals with Java expertise, along with their average salary ranges:
| Career | Average Salary (INR) Per Annum | Average Salary (USD) Per Annum |
|---|
| Java Developer | ₹400,000 – ₹1,200,000 | $55,000 – $100,000 |
| Full Stack Java Developer | ₹700,000 – ₹1,800,000 | $75,000 – $130,000 |
| Backend Engineer (Java) | ₹800,000 – ₹2,000,000 | $80,000 – $140,000 |
| Android Developer (Java/Kotlin) | ₹500,000 – ₹1,500,000 | $60,000 – $110,000 |
| Java Architect | ₹1,500,000 – ₹3,000,000 | $120,000 – $170,000 |
| DevOps Engineer (Java projects) | ₹900,000 – ₹2,200,000 | $90,000 – $150,000 |
| Big Data Engineer (Java + Hadoop) | ₹1,000,000 – ₹2,500,000 | $100,000 – $160,000 |
| Automation Test Engineer (Java + Selenium) | ₹600,000 – ₹1,400,000 | $65,000 – $110,000 |
| Software Engineer (Java Spring Boot) | ₹700,000 – ₹1,800,000 | $75,000 – $130,000 |
| Java Consultant / Technical Lead | ₹1,200,000 – ₹2,800,000 | $110,000 – $160,000 |
List of Companies Using Java
These are some popular companies that use Java in thier workflow:
| Company | Description |
|---|
| Google | Uses Java for Android development, backend services, and internal tools across products like Gmail and Google Drive. |
| Amazon | Java is widely used at Amazon for building scalable backend systems, AWS services, and e-commerce infrastructure. |
| Netflix | Java powers many of Netflix's backend microservices, helping deliver content to millions of users with high availability. |
| Spotify | Relies on Java for data processing, backend APIs, and scalable microservices that support music streaming. |
| Airbnb | Uses Java in its backend systems to handle listings, payments, and user interactions at scale. |
| Uber | Employs Java for real-time dispatch systems, geolocation services, and backend microservices. |
| LinkedIn | Java is a core language for building LinkedIn’s backend architecture, handling data-intensive workloads and APIs. |
| eBay | Uses Java for high-traffic applications, auction management, and payment services. |
| NASA | Implements Java in various projects, including simulations, data analysis tools, and mission-critical software. |
| Intel | Uses Java in embedded systems, performance testing tools, and internal applications across chip development |
Introduction to Java
Writing First Program in Java
Variables and Primitive DataTypes
Non Primitive DataTypes
Type Conversion in Java
Input in Java
