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Index
[ Symbols ], [ A ], [ B ], [ C ], [ D ], [ E ], [ F ], [ G ], [ H ], [ I ], [ J ], [ K ], [ L ], [ M ], [ N ], [ O ], [ P ], [ Q ], [ R ], [ S ], [ T ], [ U ], [ V ], [ W ], [ X ], [ Z ],
Symbols[ Top ]
& (bitwise and) operator, 30
* (multiplication) operator, 31, 157
!= comparison operator, 30
{ } (braces), 51
[ ] (brackets), 38-40, 45-48, 55
^ (bitwise exclusive or) operator, 30
: (colon), 38-40, 45-48, 55, 80
== comparison operator, 30, 61
- (subtraction) operator, 31
- (unary negation) operator, 31
< comparison operator, 30
<= comparison operator, 30
<< shift operator, 31
<> comparison operator, 30
% (remainder/format) operator, 31
... prompt, 92
+ (addition/concatenation) operator, 31, 157
+ (identity) operator, 31
' (quotation mark) for strings, 36
" (quotation mark) for strings, 36
> comparison operator, 30
>= comparison operator, 30
>> shift operator, 31
>>> (input prompt), 12
/ (division) operator, 31
~ (bitwise complement) operator, 31
| (bitwise or) operator, 30
A[ Top ]
abs function, 219
_ _add_ _ method, 157, 165
addition operator, 31
Alice, 315
Amiga Python distributions, 325
and operator, 30, 83
append method, 48, 52, 249
apply function, 112
argument passing, 105-110
arbitrary-argument set functions (example), 109
assignment, 105
keywords, defaults (example), 108
matching modes, 107
ordering rules, 110
return statement, 107
arguments, 99
argv attribute (sys module), 13, 39
assert statement, 206
assignment references versus copies, 63
assignment statements, 71-74
forms, 72
implicit, 72
object references, 72
variable name rules, 73
automated dial-out script, 268
B[ Top ]
backslash, 81
BeOS Python distribution, 325
binary files, 237
binary Python distribution, 23
bitwise operations, 33
bitwise operators, 30
blank lines, 93
block delimiters, 80
books for further reading, 317
Boolean operators, 82
bound instance methods, 180
break statement, 85
built-in functions, 217-224
(see also functions)
built-in modules, 224
binary files, 237
cgi module, 235
debugging, 239
Internet data processing, 237
Internet protocols, 236
pickle (see pickle module)
profiling, 241
string constants, 226
string functions, 224
time module, 240
Tkinter (see Tkinter)
urllib, 235
urlparse, 236
built-in object types, 28, 63
_ _builtins_ _ namespace, 217
bytecode, 6, 137
C[ Top ]
C++ language, 4, 6, 8
C source-code Python distribution, 23
case-independent sort, 246
case sensitivity, names, 73
CGI module, 54
cgi module, 235
CGI scripts, 276-282
GUI programs vs., 294
chr function, 219-220
class attributes, 152
class exceptions, 206-208
class gotchas
changing attributes, 183-184
class function attributes, 185
methods, classes, nested scopes, 187-189
multiple inheritance order, 185
class methods, using (example), 160
class statement, 158-160
class attributes, 152
default behavior, 152
classes
_ _add_ _ method, 157, 165
built-in objects, extending, 175
designing with OOP, 170
documentation strings, 181
generic object factories, 179
_ _getattr_ _ method, 167
_ _getitem_ _ method, 166
inheritance, 154-179
_ _init_ _ constructor, 157, 160, 163
instance objects, 153
modules, versus, 182
_ _mul_ _ method, 158
multiple instance objects, 152
name mangling, 181
namespace rules, 168
OOP (example), 153
operator overloading, 59, 156, 164-166
persistence, 174
reasons for, 151
_ _repr_ _ method, 167
subclasses, 154
superclasses, 155
close function, 57
Cmd class, 270-272
how works, 273
interactive functionality, 271
cmp function, 219
code
C, Python and, 93
column 1, 93
modules, 127
reuse, 97
coding gotchas, 92
colons, compound statements, 92
COM framework, 275, 282
finding information on, 287
formletter.py, 283
command line arguments, 11-13, 39
comments, 80
comparing numbers, 218-219
comparison operators, 30
comparisons, 61
compile function, 222
complex function, 220
complex numbers, 29, 34
composition, 151, 172-174
compound statements pattern, 80
compounding interest, 267-268
concatenation, 35
concatenation (+) operator, 31, 157
concept hierarchy, 70
conferences, 319
constructor, class, 157, 160, 163
continue statement, 85
Contributed Modules, 314
control-flow statements, 79
control-flows, unusual, 195
conversions, 31, 37, 40-42, 218
copy function, 234
copy module, 245
copying
copy module, 245
references vs., 48, 63, 72
counter loops, 84, 90-92
cPickle, 313
(see also pickle)
csh shell, 21
cString, 313
custom sort, 246
cyclic data, printing, 65
D[ Top ]
data hiding, 137
data structure manipulation, 243
copy module, 245
making copies inline, 48, 63, 243
making new lists, dictionaries, 248
making new structures and, 247
sorting, 246
sorting, randomizing, 246
UserDict class, 248
UserList class, 248
databases, 9
dbm files, 54, 57
debugging, 198-199
debugging modules, 239
declared global, 102
def statement, 98-99
default arguments, 122
del statement, 46, 49, 52, 67
delattr function, 221
delegation (OOP), 174
_ _dict_ _ attribute, 129, 131, 141, 169
dictionaries
assigning indexes, 53
changing, 51
characteristics of, 49
common constants, operations, 50
copying, 244
interfaces, 54
keys, 53
namespace, 169
operations, 51
sequence operations, 53
Digital Creations, 313
dir function, 18-19, 216-217
directory file manipulation, 254
distributions, 309
binary and source forms, 23
Java, 325
Linux, 321
Macintosh, 323
other platforms, 325
Unix, 321
Windows, 323
division operator, 31
_ _doc_ _ attribute, 169
documentation, 316
COM, 287
Tkinter, 293
documentation strings, 181
DOS/Windows 3.1 Python distributions, 325
downloading Python distributions, 309
downloading web pages, 265
dynamic typing, 4-5, 100
E[ Top ]
elif clause, 78
else (loops), 78, 84-85, 88
else statement, 196
Emacs, 315
email processing, 266
embedding Python in C, 8
empty sequences, 61
empty strings, 36
encapsulation, 170
environment, 20
equality tests, 61, 209
errors (see exceptions)
escaping quotes, 42
eval function, 222
event notification, 195
exception gotchas, 208-211
catching too little, 210
catching too much, 209
matching, 209
exceptions, 194-212
assert statement, 206
catching 1-of-N, 202
catching built-in (example), 199
class, 206-208
error messages (example), 198
finally statement, 203
nest at runtime, 202
outer try, 200
passing extra data, 204
raising, 197
raw_input, 200
reasons for, 194
search routine, 200
try statement, 201
try/except/else statement, 196
try/finally statement, 197
user-defined (example), 199
uses of, 195
using vs. not using, 205
exec statement, 222
execfile function, 222-223
expression operators, 30
list of, 30
mixed types, 31
overloading, 32
parentheses, 31
precedence rules, 31
expressions, 74
common, 75
functions, methods, 74
printing values, 75
Extending and Embedding, 316
extending Python with C, 6
ExtensionClass, 313
F[ Top ]
factories, 179
false objects, 61
FAQ list, 316
feedback.py program, 276-282
feedbackeditor.py program, 289
file manipulation, 249
each line, 250
fileinput module, 253
filenames, directories, 254
glob module, 255-257
open and close functions, 56-57
scanning text files, 259-262
set of files, command line, 252
sys module, 250
temporary files, 258
file scanner loops, 91
fileinput module, 253
filename manipulation, 254
files
basics (example), 57
operations, 56
Python tools, 57
filter built-in function, 256
finally statement, 203
find shell command, 264
float, C, 218
float function, 220
floating-point numbers, 28
Fnorb, 304
for loop, 87
example, 88-90
format, 87
formatting strings, 40
FormEditor program, 288
add_variable, 291
code, 289
feedback.py vs., 294
for loop block, 291
load_data function, 291, 293
select method, 292
formletter.py program, 283
forward references, 145
frameworks, 155, 275-305
COM, 282-288
design considerations, 294
Numeric Python (NumPy), 302
Python Imaging Library (PIL), 302
Python MegaWidgets (Pmw), 304
SWIG (Simple Wrapper Interface Generator), 303
Swing Java GUI, 296-302
freeware, 4
freezing Python, 138
from statement, 128-129, 132
for assignments, 132
general form, 134
function gotchas, 117
defaults, mutable objects, 122
nesting, 118
reference defaults, 120
static name detection, 117-118
function results, 93
functions, 97-125
apply function, 112
argument passing, 105-110
attribute manipulations, 221
built-in, 217-224
call syntax, 93
code reuse, 97
comparisons, 218
design concepts, 115
example, 100
executing Python code, 222
general form of, 99
global statement, 98, 104
indirect calls, 116
inputs, outputs, 115
lambda expressions, 111
map function, 113
numbers, 218
object attribute manipulation, 221
Python procedures, 114
return statement, 98
scope rules in, 101
sys module, 216
type constraints, 99
type conversions, 218-219
G[ Top ]
Gadfly, 315
garbage collection, 5, 57
_ _getattr_ _ method, 167
getattr function, 221
_ _getitem_ _ method, 166
glob module, 255-257
global scope, 102
global statement, 98, 104
gotchas
built-in object types, 63
class, 183-189
coding, 92
exception, 208-211
function, 117-123
module, 143-148
(see also specific type)
grapher.py, 297, 301
GUI programming, 7
design considerations, 294
Tkinter test, 22
(see also JPython; Tk; Tkinter)
H[ Top ]
Hammond, Mark, 282
has-a relation, 172-174
hasattr function, 221
hello world program, 76
hex function, 220
hexadecimal constants, 29
HTML, 8, 265, 276
Hugunin, Jim, 294, 302
I[ Top ]
identity tests, 61, 209
idle (integrated development environment), 311
if statement, 77-78
ILU, 304
imaginary numbers, 34
immutable sequences, 35
immutable types, changing, 65
import statement, 128, 222
as assignment, 132
general form, 134
importing modules, 128, 132
in operator, 30
indentation, 93
indexing, 36-38
dictionaries (see dictionaries)
_ _getitem_ _ method, 166
lists, 47
inheritance, 151, 170
classes, 154-179
namespace tree construction, 161
specialization methods, 162-164
_ _init_ _ constructor, 157, 160, 163
installation, binary, C-source code forms, 23
instance objects, classes, 153
int function, 218, 220
integers, 29, 34, 218
integration with C, 6, 8, 16, 23
integration with Java (see Java/JPython)
interactive command line, Python, 12
interactive prompt >>>, 12
interactive rolodex, 269
interest calculations, 267-268
interest.py program, 267-268
Internet
automated dial-out, 268
cgi module, 235
data processing, 237
downloading web pages, 265
protocols, 236
urllib module, 235
urlparse module, 236
utility modules, 8
interpreter, defined, 10
is not operator, 30
is operator, 30, 61
is-a relation, 170
iteration, 37, 84-92, 114, 217
J[ Top ]
J suffix for imaginary numbers, 34
Java/JPython, 294
distribution, 325
installation, 294
Java libraries, 295
Java scripting, 296
Java, versus, 302
swing application, grapher.py, 297
K[ Top ]
keyword arguments, 108, 111
ksh shell, 21
L[ Top ]
L for long integers, 34
lambda expressions, 111, 113
lambda operator, 30
Language Reference, The, 316
launching Python programs, 11
len function, 37
LGB rule, 102
Library Reference, The, 316
Linux Python distributions, 321
list function, 220
lists
basic operations of, 46
changing, in place, 47
common constants, operations, 45
copying, 243
indexing and slicing, 47
main properties of, 44
local scope, 102
logical operators, 30
long, C, 218
long function, 220
long integers, 34, 218
loop else, 85
loops, 84-92
example, 91
Lundh, Fredrik, 302
M[ Top ]
Macintosh Python distributions, 323
mail servers, 266
mailing lists, 319
makepy.py program, 285
manuals (see documentation)
map function, 113
mapping, 50
max function, 221
McFarlane, Greg, 304
Medusa, 315
membership test (see in operator)
metaprograms, 141
methods
bound, unbound, 180
names available, 165
Microsoft's Common Object Model (COM), 275, 282
min function, 220
mixed types, expression operators, 31
mixin classes, 177
module files, 13
names, 17
module gotchas, 143-148
from statement, 144
import, from statements, 143
recursive imports, 146
reload, 147
statement order, 145
modules, 26, 126-149
classes, versus, 182
compilation model, 137
creating, 127
data hiding convention, 137
defined, 128
design concepts, 141
import, reload, 127
importing, 132
metaprograms, 141-143
_ _name_ _ and _ _main_ _, 138
namespaces, 129-131
packages, 140
PYTHONPATH variable and, 128
roles of, 126
search path, 139
shipping options, 138
using, 128
(see also reloading modules)
modulus operator, 31
_ _mul_ _ method, 158
multiple inheritance
classes, 176-179
mixin, 177
order, 185
multiple-target assignments, 73
multiplication operator, 31
mutability, 35, 44, 65, 122
N[ Top ]
names
assignment, 72
conventions for, 231, 248
mangling, 181
module files, 17
namespace, 18
qualification, 131
reference, 72
variable, rules, 73
namespaces, 101
built-in functions, 221
class statement (example), 159
dictionaries, 169
LGB rule, 102
modules, 127, 129-131
names, 18
qualified names, 168
tree construction, 161
unqualified names, 168
(see also scopes)
negation operator, 30
nested blocks, 79
nesting scopes, 118
newsgroups, 318
None object, 49, 61, 86, 93, 114
not operator, 30, 83
not in operator, 30
numbers, 218
numeric conversion (in expressions), 40
numeric objects
basic operations, 32
bitwise operations, 33
built-in tools, 35
built-in tools, extensions, 29
complex numbers, 34
long integers, 34
standard, 28
numeric precision, 29
numeric programming, 8
Numeric Python (NumPy), 302
NumPy numeric programming extension, 8
O[ Top ]
object-oriented programming (see OOP)
object persistence, 174
object reference
creation, 72
functions, 99
Object Request Broker service, 282, 304
object type
conversions, 218
extending (classes), 175
numbers, 28
objects, 26
classification, 58
comparisons, 61
equality tests, 61
factories, 179
lists, 44
methods (bound, unbound), 180
shared references, 60
truth, 61
oct function, 220
octal constants, 29
OOP (object-oriented programming), 4
class objects, instance objects, 152
classes (example), 152-153
composition (has-a), 172-174
delegation, 174
designing with, 170
factories, 179
inheritance (is-a), 170
open function, 56-57
open pairs rule, 82
open source software, 4
OpenVMS Python distributions, 325
operator overloading, 59, 164-166
classes, 156
methods sampling, 165
operator precedence rules, 31
or operator, 30, 83
ord function, 219-220
os module, 231-234, 284
attribute definition, 232
functions (frequently used), 231
string attributes, 232
os.environ dictionary, 232
os.error, 232
os.listdir function, 254
os.name, 232
os.path module, functions, 233
os.popen, 263
os.rename function, 254
os.system( ), 262
Ousterhout, John, 288
outer try, 200
P[ Top ]
packages, 140
parameters, 99
parentheses in expressions, 31
pass statement, 85
PATH variable, 20
Perl language, 10
persistence, 174
Peters, Tim, 320
pickle module, 9, 174, 281, 284
polymorphism, 170
portability, 7
portable ANSI C, 4
POSIX conventions, 231
precedence rules (operators), 31
print statement, 75
forms, 76
writing to sys.stdout, 77
private names, 138
procedures, Python functions, 114
profile module, 241
program manipulation
calling other programs, 262-264
os.popen, 263
os.system( ), 262
program structure, 26
Programming Python (Lutz), 317
prompts, input (...), 13
prompts, input (>>>), 12
prototyping, 8
Psion Series 5 Python distributions, 325
.py files, 137
.pyc bytecode, 138
.pyc files, 137
PyModules FAQ, 314
Python Consortium, 311
Python distributions, 309
Python Imaging Library (PIL), 302
Python Language web site, 309
Python MegaWidgets (Pmw), 304
Python Pocket Reference (Lutz), 317
Python Software Association, 309
Python source tree, 311
Python/C API, 316
PYTHONPATH variable, 20, 128
PYTHONSTARTUP variable, 20
Pythonware, 314
Q[ Top ]
QNX Python distributions, 325
qualification, name, 131, 168
_ _getattr_ _ method, 167
R[ Top ]
raise statement, 197, 207
random module, 247
range function, 90-92
raw_input function, 200
raw strings, 43
re module, 227-230
read stdin, 252
readlines method (scanning text files), 260
re.compile( ) (strings), 229
recursive functions, 119
recursive imports, 146
redirecting input/output, 77
references, copying vs., 48, 63, 72
regular expressions (strings), 227-230
reloading modules, 17, 133
example, 135
general form, 134
remainder operator, 31
repetition, one-level deep, 64
repetition operator, 31
_ _repr_ _ method, 167
reserved words, 74
resources, 309-320
documentation (see documentation)
return statement, 98
argument passing, 107
function results, 93
running Python
embedded code, objects, 15
interactive command line, 12
interpreter, 11
module files, 13
Unix-style scripts, 14
S[ Top ]
scanning text files, 259-262
if _ _name_ _ == "_ _main_ _" trick, 261
readlines method, 260
value key, 259
scopes, 102, 168
example, 103
illustration, 103
LGB rule, 102
nesting, 118
(see also namespaces)
Scriptics Corporation, 313
scripting, 8
scripting languages, 5
sequences, 35
setattr function, 221
shared object references, 60
shelve module, 174
shift operators, 31
shipping options, 138
short-circuit evaluation, 83
shutil module, 234
SIGs (special interest groups), 318
size, object, 37
slicing, 35, 37, 39
lists, 47
sort method, 48, 246
source distributions (see distributions)
spaces in programs, 80
special interest groups (SIGs), 318
Starship Python, 311
startup script (example), 21
statements, 26
assignment, 71-74
defined, 70
delimiters for, 81
expressions, 74
summary, 71
syntax rules, 79
truth tests, 82
Stein, Greg, 282
str function, 220
string module, 41, 227
constants, 226
defining parts of, 228
functions, 224
regular expressions problem, 227
replacement operation, 229
string.find, 263
strings
changing, formatting, 40
common tools, 41
constant variations, 42
constants, operations, 36
defined, 35
documentation (classes), 181
formatting codes, 41
indexing, 37-38
operation basics, 36
raw, 43
slicing, 37, 39
struct module, 237-238
subclasses, 154
subtraction operator, 31
superclasses, 155
SWIG (Simple Wrapper Interface Generator), 303
Swing Java GUI toolkit, 275
syntax rules
backslash, 81
block delimiters, 80
block, statement boundaries, 79
compound statements, 80
execution sequence, 79
open pairs, 82
spaces, comments, 80
statement delimiters, 81
statements, 79
variable names, 73
sys module, 216
sys.argv, 216
sys.modules, 216
sys.modules dictionary, 141
sys.path, 139, 216
[_IX-1_]
sys.platform, 216
sys.ps1, 216
sys.ps2, 216
sys.stderr, 250
sys.stdin, 250
sys.stdout, 77, 250
T[ Top ]
tempfile module, 281
temporary files, 258
time module, 240, 281
Tk/Tkinter, 7, 275, 288-293
documentation, 293
environment setting, 21
GUI (graphical user interface), 275
testing, 22
truth, 62
truth tests, 82
try statement, 201
try/except/else statement, 196
try/finally statement, 197
tuple function, 220
tuples
assignment, 72
constants, operations, 54
copying, 243
defined, 53
properties of, 53
sorting contents of, 246
turtle.py, 315
Tutorial, The Python, 316
type collection tuples, 53
types
categories of, 43
converting, 31, 219
(see also conversions)
files, 56
hierarchies, 63
mutable, 44
reasons for built-in, 27
U[ Top ]
unary operators, 31
unbound class methods, 180
Unix extensions, 322
Unix Python distributions, 321
Unix-like system scripts, 14
unpacking assignments, 72
urllib module, 235
urlparse module, 236
URLs, urllib module, 235
UserDict class, 248
UserList class, 248
users list, 9, 311, 317-319
V[ Top ]
van Rossum, Guido, 294, 302, 311
variable name rules, 73
VxWorks Python distributions, 325
W[ Top ]
web pages
cgi module, 235
checking links, 266
downloading programmatically, 265
email processing, 266
webchecker.py (management), 266
web site resources, xiii, 317
Alice, 315
Contributed Modules, 314
Emacs, 315
FAQ, 316
Gadfly, 315
Medusa, 315
PyModules FAQ, 314
Python distribution, 309
Python Language, 309
Scriptics Corporation, 313
Starship Python, 311
while loop, 84-86
whrandom module, 247
win32com, 282, 286
Dispatch function, 284
formletter.py program, 283
information resources, 286
Word.Application.8, 284
Windows CE Python distributions, 325
Windows Python distributions, 323
Word.Application.8, 284
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