News for the Biopython Project

This NEWS file contains release notes covering major additions or changes. Separately the DEPRECATED file tracks the removal of obsolete modules or functions (which are generally not covered here in the NEWS file).

The news entries for each release are also usually repeated as a blog post at https://www.open-bio.org/category/obf-projects/biopython/

The latest news is at the top of this file.

(In progress, not yet released): Biopython 1.86

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13. It has also been tested on PyPy3.10 v7.3.17.

Bio.SearchIO now supports parsing the tabular and plain text output of Infernal <https://eddylab.org/infernal/> (v1.0.0+) RNA search tool. The format are infernal-tab and infernal-text.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Samuel Prince (first contribution)

15 January 2025: Biopython 1.85

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13. It has also been tested on PyPy3.9 v7.3.13. Python 3.9 is approaching end of life, our support for it is now deprecated.

Some optimisation work was done for Bio.SeqIO including avoiding nested iterators, and speeding up both FASTA and FASTQ parsing.

Bio.motifs now supports reading PFM from Cys2His2 Zinc Finger Proteins PWM Predictor and reading motifs in pfm-four-columns format will set motif name to "" instead of None, when no motif name was found.

Tests that use assertAlmostEqual calls now use places parameter with enough presision when comparing very small numbers in scientific notation.

Bio.motifs now supports reverse complementing RNA motifs and correctly generating degenerate consensus sequences for RNA motifs.

Bio.motifs.minimal now supports parsing RNA motifs and parsing motifs for which not all statistics are provided (e.g. missing E-values or nsites).

Bio.motifs.clusterbuster now supports parsing GAP and WEIGHT parameters and can optionally write Cluster Buster motif files with floats instead of integers, by specifying the precision=<int> parameter when writing: e.g. motifs.write(motifs, "clusterbuster", precision=2)

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with additions to the test suite and type annotations.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Alan Medlar
Carlos Peña
Gert Hulselmans
Peter Cock
Michiel de Hoon

28 June 2024: Biopython 1.84

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12. It has also been tested on PyPy3.9 v7.3.13. Python 3.9 is approaching end of life, our support for it is now deprecated.

Our main documentation, the Biopython Tutorial and Cookbook, has been converted from LaTeX to reStructuredText, and combined with the existing API documentation, into a single more modern and navigable HTML output.

Bio.Blast contains a new parser for BLAST XML output as a replacement for the old parser in Bio.Blast.NCBIXML. The main differences between the parsers is as follows:

The old parser stores information in a Bio.Blast.NCBIXML.Blast object, with attribute names based on plain-text Blast output. The new parser stores information in a Bio.Blast.Record object. This class follows the DTD that describes the XML in terms of attribute names and dictionary key names, class structure, and object types. This makes it easier to find the detailed description of each field in the NCBI Blast documentation.
The old parser stores alignment information directly as seen in the BLAST XML output, i.e. as strings with dashes to represent gaps. The new parser stores the alignment information as a Bio.Align.Alignment object, which can then be used to e.g. print the alignment in a different format.

Bio.Blast also contains a new qblast function as a replacement for the old qblast function in Bio.Blast.NCBIWWW. The main difference is that the old qblast function in Bio.Blast.NCBIWWW returns the BLAST search results as Python strings, while the new qblast returns bytes objects. Note that in Python, to parse an XML file it should be opened in binary mode, as the string encoding is specified in the XML data itself. The object returned by the new qblast function can therefore be passed directly to the BLAST parser. Also, this allows data to be downloaded in a binary format such as JSON2, which returns data in a zipped JSON format.

A function called Bio.Phylo.to_igraph has been added to convert a Bio.Phylo.Tree into an igraph.Graph graph, in parallel to the existing function to convert the same object into a networkx graph.

The PDB module's CE Align code for pairwise structure alignment was cleaned up, and the improved CE align code now considers more alignments and selects one of the longer alignments with the smallest RMSD. As a result, users may find alignments with slightly smaller RMSDs when using CE Align.

The PDB module no longer uses the PDB FTP server by default. Instead, the PDB module uses the HTTPS server in most cases. For get_all_assemblies, the PDB module now uses the RCSB PDB Search API to get all the assemblies. The wwPDB organization announced that they plan to deprecate the FTP server by the end of the year. See the announcement here.

A parser has been added for parsing PDBML (PDB XML) files. PDBML is a representation of PDB data in XML format. The PDB chapter of the tutorial is updated to show how to use the PDBML parser.

Additionally, a parser has been added for BinaryCIF files. BinaryCIF is a compact, binary representation of CIF data. The PDB tutorial is updated to show how to use the BinaryCIF parser. The RCSB PDB recommends that users switch from MMTF to BinaryCIF. See the announcement.

Bio.PDB Structure objects will now issue a warning - instead of an exception - when two children (e.g. residues) have identical IDs. This can be useful in some cases, e.g. renumbering residues in a chain.

Bio.SeqIO now supports reading sequences from the Graphical Fragment Assembly (GFA) files with the formats gfa1 and gfa2 (for GFA 1.x and GFA 2.0 files respectively). All data outside of segment lines are ignored, such as linkage information.

The UniProt package now includes a method to search UniProt programmatically. The tutorial has been updated with examples of how to use the search method. See the chapter on Swiss-Prot and ExPASy in the tutorial for more information.

The restriction enzyme search function now has a consistent behaviour for cutting sites lying on the edges of the sequence for enzymes for which the recognition site is different from the cutsite. See issue #4604.

The PDB package now includes a new module, alphafold_db, for interacting with the AlphaFold DB of predicted protein structures. The module allows users to load AlphaFold-predicted structures in the same format as experimentally-predicted PDB structures.

Now when reverse complementing a SeqRecord containing unstranded features with compound locations the order of the sublocations is reversed, to improve the representation of origin-spanning locations. See issue #4611.

Updated Bio.Restriction to the April 2024 release of REBASE.

A bug in bgzf was resolved, restoring the ability to pass a file handle directly to BgzfWriter.

Bio.Entrez.local_cache can be set to a directory for caching downloaded DTD/XSD files.

As in recent releases, more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Anil Tuncel (first contribution)
David Cain
Fabio Zanini (first contribution)
Joao Rodrigues
Judith Bernett (first contribution)
Luca Monari (first contribution)
Meridia Jane Bryant (first contribution)
Manuel Lera-Ramirez
Michael M. (first contribution)
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Rudolf Koopmann (first contribution)
Will Tyler (first contribution)

10 January 2024: Biopython 1.83

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12. It has also been tested on PyPy3.9 v7.3.13. Python 3.8 is approaching end of life, our support for it is now deprecated.

This release reverts the removal of the .strand, .ref, and .ref_db attributes of the SeqFeature which was done without a deprecation period. They are again aliases for .location.strand etc, but trigger deprecation warnings.

22 December 2023: Biopython 1.82

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12. It has also been tested on PyPy3.8 v7.3.11.

[NOTE: This release unfortunately removed the .strand, .ref, and .ref_db attributes of the SeqFeature without a deprecation period. This has been addressed in Biopython 1.83, which restores them but starts the formal deprecation cycle.]

The inplace argument of complement and reverse_complement in Bio.Seq now always default to False both for Seq and MutableSeq objects. To modify a MutableSeq in-place, use inplace=True.

A new class CodonAligner was added to Bio.Align. A CodonAligner object can align a nucleotide sequence to the amino acid sequence it encodes, using a dynamic programming algorithm modeled on PairwiseAligner to take frame shifts into account. The CodonAligner returns Alignment objects. By calling the new mapall method on an Alignment object storing a multiple sequence alignment of amino acid sequences, with nucleotide-to-amino acid alignments generated by CodonAligner as the argument, a codon-by-codon multiple sequence alignment of nucleotide sequences can be obtained. The new submodule Bio.Align.analysis provides functions to estimate synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations and to perform the McDonald-Kreitman test on the codon multiple sequence alignments. Together, this provides the same functionality as the Bio.codonalign module, but uses the standard Alignment class, and does not rely on regular expression searching to align a nucleotide sequence to an amino acid sequence.

The hmmer3-text SearchIO format now also extracts the similarity string of the parsed alignments. This value is available under the 'similarity' key of the aln_annotation attribute of each HSP, the same as how it is done in other SearchIO formats.

HMMER results with the full path to the hmmer executable in the banner are now parsed correctly. This should help Windows users and users with python installations in non-default locations.

We now have basic type hint annotations in various modules including Seq, SeqRecord, and SeqIO. This should help anyone using an editor or IDE with type-aware autocomplete, or in conjunction with mypy as a pre-commit check this can catch passing the wrong types to Biopython functions/methods.

Calling iter on a PairwiseAlignments object returned by a PairwiseAigner previously reset the iterator such that it will start from the first alignment when iterating. As a side effect, this will cause all other iterators of the alignments to reset as well, which is bug prone. Instead, calling iter on a PairwiseAlignments object will now return itself. The iterator can be reset by calling the rewind method.

Calling secondary_structure_fraction() on a ProtParam.ProteinAnalysis object historically returned (sheet, turn, helix) while claiming to return (helix, turn, sheet). This was fixed to correctly return (helix, turn, sheet). Additionally, the amino acids considered were revised as per recent literature.

The sequence objects now have .removeprefix() and .removesuffix() methods matching those added to strings in Python 3.9. They also now have a search method to Seq and MutableSeq object to search for multiple subsequences at the same time.

The MMCIFParser now ignores '.' header values.

Calling set_angle() on a residue dihedral angle previously set only the specified angle, now the default behavior is to update overlapping angles as well. For example, setting Psi (N-CA-CN) now updates the overlapping angle N-CA-C-O, as most users would probably expect.

Generating a structure with default internal coordinates, e.g. from a sequence with read_PIC_seq(), previously selected wrong default values in many cases. This has been fixed.

Added make_extended() to set a chain to an extended beta strand conformation, as the default backbone values reflect the more popular alpha helix in most cases.

The Instances class and the instances argument of the Motif class initializer in Bio.motifs were deprecated in release 1.82. Instead of

>>> from Bio.motifs import Instances
>>> instances = Instances([Seq('ACGT'), Seq('ACCT'), Seq('AAGT')])
>>> motif = Motif(alphabet='ACGT', instances=instances)

please use

>>> from Bio.Align import Alignment
>>> alignment = Alignment([Seq('ACGT'), Seq('ACCT'), Seq('AAGT')])
>>> motif = Motif(alphabet='ACGT', alignment=alignment)

The instances attribute of the Motif class in Bio.motifs was deprecated in release 1.82. Instead of mymotif.instances, please use mymotif.alignment.sequences.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with additions to the test suite.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Alex Crocker (first contribution)
Antonio Trande (first contribution)
Arpan Sahoo (first contribution)
Benedict Carling (first contribution)
Cam McMenamie (first contribution)
Ernesto Rodriguez (first contribution)
Jacob Byerly (first contribution)
João Rodrigues
Joe Greener
Manuel Lera Ramirez
Michael R. Crusoe
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Ricardas Ralys (first contribution)
Rob Miller
Thomas Holder
Tom Eulenfeld (first contribution)
Vladislav Kuznetsov (first contribution)
Wibowo Arindrarto
Yiming Qu (first contribution)

12 February 2023: Biopython 1.81

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11. It has also been tested on PyPy3.7 v7.3.5. We intend to drop Python 3.7 support.

The API documentation and the Biopython Tutorial and Cookbook have been updated to better annotate use and application of the Bio.PDB.internal_coords module.

Bio.Phylo now supports Alignment and MultipleSeqAlignment objects as input.

Several improvements and bug fixes to the snapgene parser contributes by Damien Goutte-Gattat.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with additions to the test suite.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Adam Vandergriff (first contribution)
Damien Goutte-Gatta
Joe Greener
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Robert Miller
Farhan Khan (first contribution)

18 November 2022: Biopython 1.80

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11. It has also been tested on PyPy3.7 v7.3.5.

Functions read, parse, and write were added to Bio.Align to read and write Alignment objects. String formatting and printing output of Alignment objects from Bio.Align were changed to support these new functions. To obtain a string showing the aligned sequence with the appropriate gap characters (as previously shown when calling format on an alignment), use alignment[i], where alignment is an Alignment object and i is the index of the aligned sequence.

Because dict retains the item order by default since Python3.6, all instances of collections.OrderedDict have been replaced by either standard dict or where appropriate by collections.defaultsdict.

Robert Miller has updated the Bio.PDB.internal_coords module to make better use of Numpy for lossless structure assembly from dihedral angles and related internal coordinates. In addition to speeding the assembly step by ~30%, this adds distance plot support (including re-generating structures from distance plot data), coordinate space transforms for superimposing residues and their environments, a per-chain all-atom array for Atom coordinates, and optional default values for all internal coordinates. The internal coordinates module continues to support extracting dihedral angle, bond angle and bond length (internal coordinates) data, reading/writing structure files of internal coordinates, and OpenSCAD output of structures for 3D CAD/3D printing work.

The Bio.motifs.jaspar.db now returns tf_family and tf_class as a string array since the JASPAR 2018 release.

The Local Composition Complexity functions from Bio.SeqUtils now uses base 4 log instead of 2 as stated in the original reference Konopka (2005), Sequence Complexity and Composition. https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0005260

Append mode is now supported in Bio.bgzf (and a bug parsing blocked GZIP files with an internal empty block fixed).

The experimental warning was dropped from Bio.phenotype (which was new in Biopython 1.67).

Sequences now have a defined attribute that returns a boolean indicating if the underlying data is defined or not.

The Bio.PDB module now includes a structural alignment module, using the combinatorial extension algorithm of Shindyalov and Bourne, commonly known as CEAlign. The module allows for two structures to be aligned based solely on their 3D conformation, ie. in a sequence-independent manner. The method is particularly powerful when the structures shared a very low degree of sequence similarity. The new module is available in Bio.PDB.CEAligner with an interface similar to other 3D superimposition modules.

A new module Bio.PDB.qcprot implements the QCP superposition algorithm in pure Python, deprecating the existing C implementation. This leads to a slight performance improvement and to much better maintainability. The refactored qcprot.QCPSuperimposer class has small changes to its API, to better mirror that of Bio.PDB.Superimposer.

The Bio.PDB.PDBList module now allows downloading biological assemblies, for one or more entries of the wwPDB.

In the Bio.Restriction module, each restriction enzyme now includes an id property giving the numerical identifier for the REBASE database identifier from which the enzyme object was created, and a uri property with a canonical identifiers.org link to the database, for use in linked-data representations.

Add new gc_fraction function in SeqUtils and marks GC for future deprecation.

Support for the old format (dating back to 2004) of the GN line in SwissProt files was dropped in Bio.SwissProt.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with additions to the test suite.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Andrius Merkys
Arup Ghosh (first contribution)
Alessio Quercia
Aziz Khan
Alex Morehead
Caio Fontes
Chenghao Zhu
Christian Brueffer
Damien Goutte-Gattat
Erik Weßels (first contribution)
Erik Whiting
Fabian Egli
Fredric Johansson
Hongbo Zhu
Hussein Faara (first contribution)
Manuel Lera Ramirez
Jacob Beal (first contribution)
Jarrod Millman
João Rodrigues
Josha Inglis
Markus Piotrowski
Michiel de Hoon
Neil P. (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Robert Miller
Robert Sawicki (first contribution)
Sebastian Bassi
Sean Aubin
Sean Workman (first contribution)
Soroush Saffari (first contribution)
Tim Burke
Valentin Vareškić (first contribution)
Robert Miller

3 June 2021: Biopython 1.79

This is intended to be our final release supporting Python 3.6. It also supports Python 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9, and has also been tested on PyPy3.6.1 v7.1.1.

The Seq and MutableSeq classes in Bio.Seq now store their sequence contents as bytes and bytearray objects, respectively. Previously, for Seq objects a string object was used, and a Unicode array object for MutableSeq objects. This was maintained during the transition from Python2 to Python3. However, a Python2 string object corresponds to a bytes object in Python3, storing the string as a series of 256-bit characters. While non-ASCII characters could be stored in Python2 strings, they were not treated as such. For example:

In Python2:

>>> s = "Генетика"
>>> type(s)
<class 'str'>
>>> len(s)
16

In Python3:

>>> s = "Генетика"
>>> type(s)
<class 'str'>
>>> len(s)
8

In Python3, storing the sequence contents as bytes and bytearray objects has the further advantage that both support the buffer protocol.

Taking advantage of the similarity between bytes and bytearray, the Seq and MutableSeq classes now inherit from an abstract base class _SeqAbstractBaseClass in Bio.Seq that implements most of the Seq and MutableSeq methods, ensuring their consistency with each other. For methods that modify the sequence contents, an optional inplace argument to specify if a new sequence object should be returned with the new sequence contents (if inplace is False, the default) or if the sequence object itself should be modified (if inplace is True). For Seq objects, which are immutable, using inplace=True raises an exception. For inplace=False, the default, Seq objects and MutableSeq behave consistently.

As before, Seq and MutableSeq objects can be initialized using a string object, which will be converted to a bytes or bytearray object assuming an ASCII encoding. Alternatively, a bytes or bytearray object can be used, or an instance of any class inheriting from the new SequenceDataAbstractBaseClass abstract base class in Bio.Seq. This requires that the class implements the __len__ and __getitem methods that return the sequence length and sequence contents on demand. Initializing a Seq instance using an instance of a class inheriting from SequenceDataAbstractBaseClass allows the Seq object to be lazy, meaning that its sequence is provided on demand only, without requiring to initialize the full sequence. This feature is now used in BioSQL, providing on-demand sequence loading from an SQL database, as well as in a new parser for twoBit (.2bit) sequence data added to Bio.SeqIO. This is a lazy parser that allows fast access to genome-size DNA sequence files by not having to read the full genome sequence. The new _UndefinedSequenceData class in Bio.Seq also inherits from SequenceDataAbstractBaseClass to represent sequences of known length but unknown sequence contents. This provides an alternative to UnknownSeq, which has now been removed as its definition was ambiguous. For example, in these examples the UnknownSeq is interpreted as a sequence with a well-defined sequence contents:

>>> s = UnknownSeq(3, character="A")
>>> s.translate()
UnknownSeq(1, character='K')
>>> s + "A"
Seq("AAAA")

A sequence object with an undefined sequence contents can now be created by using None when creating the Seq object, together with the sequence length. Trying to access its sequence contents raises an UndefinedSequenceError:

>>> s = Seq(None, length=6)
>>> s
Seq(None, length=6)
>>> len(s)
6
>>> "A" in s
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Bio.Seq.UndefinedSequenceError: Sequence content is undefined
>>> print(s)
Traceback (most recent call last):
....
Bio.Seq.UndefinedSequenceError: Sequence content is undefined

Element assignment in Bio.PDB.Atom now returns "X" when the element cannot be unambiguously guessed from the atom name, in accordance with PDB structures.

Bio.PDB entities now have a center_of_mass() method that calculates either centers of gravity or geometry.

New method disordered_remove() implemented in Bio.PDB DisorderedAtom and DisorderedResidue to remove children.

New module Bio.PDB.SASA implements the Shrake-Rupley algorithm to calculate atomic solvent accessible areas without third-party tools.

Expected TypeError behaviour has been restored to the Seq object's string like methods (fixing a regression in Biopython 1.78).

The KEGG KGML_Pathway KGML output was fixed to produce output that complies with KGML v0.7.2.

Parsing motifs in pfm-four-rows format can now handle motifs with values in scientific notation.

Parsing motifs in minimal MEME format will use nsites when making the count matrix from the frequency matrix, instead of multiply the frequency matrix by 1000000.

Bio.UniProt.GOA now parses Gene Product Information (GPI) files version 1.2, files can be downloaded from the EBI ftp site: ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/GO/goa/

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Damien Goutte-Gattat
Gert Hulselmans
João Rodrigues
Markus Piotrowski
Pascal Schläpfer (first contribution)
Leighton Pritchard
Sergio Valqui
Suyash Gupta
Vini Salazar (first contribution)

4 September 2020: Biopython 1.78

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8. It has also been tested on PyPy3.6.1 v7.1.1.

The main change is that Bio.Alphabet is no longer used. In some cases you will now have to specify expected letters, molecule type (DNA, RNA, protein), or gap character explicitly. Please consult the updated Tutorial and API documentation for guidance. This simplification has sped up many Seq object methods. See https://biopython.org/wiki/Alphabet for more information.

Bio.SeqIO.parse() is faster with "fastq" format due to small improvements in the Bio.SeqIO.QualityIO module.

The SeqFeature object's .extract() method can now be used for trans-spliced locations via an optional dictionary of references.

As in recent releases, more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with additions to the test suite. There has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style, and all of the tests have been reformatted with the black tool to match the main code base.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Adam Sjøgren (first contribution)
Carlos Pena
Chris Daley
Chris Rands
Christian Brueffer
Damien Goutte-Gattat
João Rodrigues
João Vitor F Cavalcante (first contribution)
Marie Crane
Markus Piotrowski
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Sergio Valqui
Yogesh Kulkarni (first contribution)
Zheng Ruan

25 May 2020: Biopython 1.77

This release of Biopython supports Python 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8 It has also been tested on PyPy3.6.1 v7.1.1-beta0.

We have dropped support for Python 2 now.

pairwise2 now allows the input of parameters with keywords and returns the alignments as a list of namedtuples.

The codon tables have been updated to NCBI genetic code table version 4.5, which adds Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial as table 33.

Updated Bio.Restriction to the January 2020 release of REBASE.

A major contribution by Rob Miller to Bio.PDB provides new methods to handle protein structure transformations using dihedral angles (internal coordinates). The new framework supports lossless interconversion between internal and cartesian coordinates, which, among other uses, simplifies the analysis and manipulation of coordinates of proteins structures.

As in recent releases, more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with further additions to the test suite. There has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style, and all the main code base has been reformatted with the black tool.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Alexander Decurnou (first contribution)
Andrei Istrate (first contribution)
Andrey Raspopov
Artemi Bendandi (first contribution)
Austin Varela (first contribution)
Chris Daley
Chris Rands
Deepak Khatri
Hielke Walinga (first contribution)
Kai Blin
Karthikeyan Singaravelan (first contribution)
Konstantinos Zisis (first contribution)
Markus Piotrowski
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Rob Miller
Sergio Valqui
Steve Bond
Sujan Dulal (first contribution)
Tianyi Shi (first contribution)

20 December 2019: Biopython 1.76

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.7, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8. It has also been tested on PyPy2.7.13 v7.1.1 and PyPy3.6.1 v7.1.1-beta0.

We intend this to be our final release supporting Python 2.7 and 3.5.

As in recent releases, more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

PDBParser and PDBIO now support PQR format file parsing and input/ output.

In addition to the mainstream x86_64 aka AMD64 CPU architecture, we now also test every contribution on the ARM64, ppc64le, and s390x CPUs under Linux thanks to Travis CI. Further post-release testing done by Debian and other packagers and distributors of Biopython also covers these CPUs.

Bio.motifs.PositionSpecificScoringMatrix.search() method has been re-written: it now applies .calculate() to chunks of the sequence to maintain a low memory footprint for long sequences.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with further additions to the test suite. There has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style, and more of the code style has been reformatted with the black tool.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Chris Daley (first contribution)
Chris Rands
Christian Brueffer
Ilya Flyamer (first contribution)
Jakub Lipinski (first contribution)
Michael R. Crusoe (first contribution)
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Sergio Valqui

6 November 2019: Biopython 1.75

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.7, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 and is expected to work on the soon to be released Python 3.8. It has also been tested on PyPy2.7.13 v7.1.1 and PyPy3.6.1 v7.1.1-beta0.

Note we intend to drop Python 2.7 support in early 2020.

The restriction enzyme list in Bio.Restriction has been updated to the August 2019 release of REBASE.

Bio.SeqIO now supports reading and writing files in the native format of Christian Marck's DNA Strider program ("xdna" format, also used by Serial Cloner), as well as reading files in the native formats of GSL Biotech's SnapGene ("snapgene") and Textco Biosoftware's Gene Construction Kit ("gck").

Bio.AlignIO now supports GCG MSF multiple sequence alignments as the "msf" format (work funded by the National Marrow Donor Program).

The main Seq object now has string-like .index() and .rindex() methods, matching the existing .find() and .rfind() implementations. The MutableSeq object retains its more list-like .index() behaviour.

The MMTFIO class has been added that allows writing of MMTF file format files from a Biopython structure object. MMTFIO has a similar interface to PDBIO and MMCIFIO, including the use of a Select class to write out a specified selection. This final addition to read/write support for PDB/mmCIF/MMTF in Biopython allows conversion between all three file formats.

Values from mmCIF files are now read in as a list even when they consist of a single value. This change improves consistency and reduces the likelihood of making an error, but will require user code to be updated accordingly.

Bio.motifs.meme has been updated to parse XML output files from MEME over the plain-text output file. The goal of this change is to parse a more structured data source with minimal loss of functionality upon future MEME releases.

Bio.PDB has been updated to support parsing REMARK 99 header entries from PDB-style Astral files.

A new keyword parameter full_sequences was added to Bio.pairwise2's pretty print method format_alignment to restore the output of local alignments to the 'old' format (showing the whole sequences including the un-aligned parts instead of only showing the aligned parts).

A new function charge_at_pH(pH) has been added to ProtParam and IsoelectricPoint in Bio.SeqUtils.

The PairwiseAligner in Bio.Align was extended to allow generalized pairwise alignments, i.e. alignments of any Python object, for example three-letter amino acid sequences, three-nucleotide codons, and arrays of integers.

A new module substitution_matrices was added to Bio.Align, which includes an Array class that can be used as a substitution matrix. As the Array class is a subclass of a numpy array, mathematical operations can be applied to it directly, and C code that makes use of substitution matrices can directly access the numerical values stored in the substitution matrices. This module is intended as a replacement of Bio.SubsMat, which is currently unmaintained.

As in recent releases, more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style. We have also started to use the black Python code formatting tool.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Chris MacRaild
Chris Rands
Damien Goutte-Gattat (first contribution)
Devang Thakkar
Harry Jubb
Joe Greener
Kiran Mukhyala (first contribution)
Konstantin Vdovkin
Mark Amery
Markus Piotrowski
Michiel de Hoon
Mike Moritz (first contribution)
Mustafa Anil Tuncel
Nick Negretti
Osvaldo Zagordi (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Peter Kerpedjiev
Sergio Valqui
Spencer Bliven
Victor Lin

16 July 2019: Biopython 1.74

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7. However, it will be the last release to support Python 3.4 which is now at end-of-life. It has also been tested on PyPy2.7 v6.0.0 and PyPy3.5 v6.0.0.

As in recent releases, more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

Our core sequence objects (Seq, UnknownSeq, and MutableSeq) now have a string-like .join() method.

The NCBI now allows longer accessions in the GenBank file LOCUS line, meaning the fields may not always follow the historical column based positions. We no longer give a warning when parsing these. We now allow writing such files (although with a warning as support for reading them is not yet widespread).

Support for the mysqlclient package, a fork of MySQLdb, has been added.

We now capture the IDcode field from PDB Header records.

Bio.pairwise2's pretty-print output from format_alignment has been optimized for local alignments: If they do not consist of the whole sequences, only the aligned section of the sequences are shown, together with the start positions of the sequences (in 1-based notation). Alignments of lists will now also be prettily printed.

Bio.SearchIO now supports parsing the text output of the HHsuite protein sequence search tool. The format name is hhsuite2-text and hhsuite3-text, for versions 2 and 3 of HHsuite, respectively.

Bio.SearchIO HSP objects has a new attribute called output_index. This attribute is meant for capturing the order by which the HSP were output in the parsed file and is set with a default value of -1 for all HSP objects. It is also used for sorting the output of QueryResult.hsps.

Bio.SeqIO.AbiIO has been updated to preserve bytes value when parsing. The goal of this change is make the parser more robust by being able to extract string-values that are not utf-8-encoded. This affects all tag values, except for ID and description values, where they need to be extracted as strings to conform to the SeqRecord interface. In this case, the parser will attempt to decode using utf-8 and fall back to the system encoding if that fails. This change affects Python 3 only.

Bio.motifs.mast has been updated to parse XML output files from MAST over the plain-text output file. The goal of this change is to parse a more structured data source with minimal loss of functionality upon future MAST releases. Class structure remains the same plus an additional attribute Record.strand_handling required for diagram parsing.

Bio.Entrez now automatically retries HTTP requests on failure. The maximum number of tries and the sleep between them can be configured by changing Bio.Entrez.max_tries and Bio.Entrez.sleep_between_tries. (The defaults are 3 tries and 15 seconds, respectively.)

The restriction enzyme list in Bio.Restriction has been updated to the May 2019 release of REBASE.

All tests using the older print-and-compare approach have been replaced by unittests following Python's standard testing framework.

On the documentation side, all the public modules, classes, methods and functions now have docstrings (built in help strings). Furthermore, the PDF version of the Biopython Tutorial and Cookbook now uses syntax coloring for code snippets.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Andrey Raspopov (first contribution)
Antony Lee
Benjamin Rowell (first contribution)
Bernhard Thiel
Brandon Invergo
Catherine Lesuisse
Chris Rands
Deepak Khatri (first contribution)
Gert Hulselmans
Jared Andrews
Jens Thomas (first contribution)
Konstantin Vdovkin
Lenna Peterson
Mark Amery
Markus Piotrowski
Micky Yun Chan (first contribution)
Nick Negretti
Peter Cock
Peter Kerpedjiev
Ralf Stephan
Rob Miller (first contribution)
Sergio Valqui
Victor Lin
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto
Zheng Ruan

18 December 2018: Biopython 1.73

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7. It has also been tested on PyPy2.7 v6.0.0 and PyPy3.5 v6.0.0.

As in recent releases, more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

The dictionary-like indexing in SeqIO and SearchIO will now explicitly preserve record order to match a behaviour change in the Python standard dict object. This means looping over the index will load the records in the on-disk order, which will be much faster (previously it would be effectively at random, based on the key hash sorting).

The "grant" matrix in Bio.SubsMat.MatrixInfo has been replaced as our original values taken from Gerhard Vogt's old webpages at EMBL Heidelberg were discovered to be in error. The new values have been transformed following Vogt's approach, taking the global maximum 215 minus the similarity scores from the original paper Grantham (1974), to give a distance measure.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style.

Double-quote characters in GenBank feature qualifier values in Bio.SeqIO are now escaped as per the NCBI standard. Improperly escaped values trigger a warning on parsing.

There is a new command line wrapper for the BWA-MEM sequence mapper.

The string-based FASTA parsers in Bio.SeqIO.FastaIO have been optimised, which also speeds up parsing FASTA files using Bio.SeqIO.parse().

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Alona Levy-Jurgenson (first contribution)
Ariel Aptekmann
Brandon Invergo
Catherine Lesuisse
Chris Rands
Darcy Mason (first contribution)
Devang Thakkar (first contribution)
Ivan Antonov (first contribution)
Jeremy LaBarage (first contribution)
Juraj Szász (first contribution)
Kai Blin
Konstantin Vdovkin (first contribution)
Manuel Nuno Melo (first contribution)
Maximilian Greil
Nick Negretti (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Rona Costello (first contribution)
Spencer Bliven
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto
Yi Hsiao (first contribution)

21 June 2018: Biopython 1.72

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.7, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. It has also been tested on PyPy2.7 v6.0.0 and PyPy3.5 v6.0.0.

Internal changes to Bio.SeqIO have sped up the SeqRecord .format method and SeqIO.write (especially when used in a for loop).

The MAF alignment indexing in Bio.AlignIO.MafIO has been updated to use inclusive end coordinates to better handle searches at end points. This will require you to rebuild any existing MAF index files.

In this release more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

The Entrez module now supports the NCBI API key. Also you can now set a custom directory for DTD and XSD files. This allows Entrez to be used in environments like AWS Lambda, which restricts write access to specific directories. Improved support for parsing NCBI Entrez XML files that use XSD schemas.

Internal changes to our C code mean that NumPy is no longer required at compile time - only at run time (and only for those modules which use NumPy).

Seq, UnknownSeq, MutableSeq and derived classes now support integer multiplication methods, matching native Python string methods.

A translate method has been added to Bio.SeqFeature that will extract a feature and translate it using the codon_start and transl_table qualifiers of the feature if they are present.

Bio.SearchIO is no longer considered experimental, and so it does not raise warnings anymore when imported.

A new pairwise sequence aligner is available in Bio.Align, as an alternative to the existing pairwise sequence aligner in Bio.pairwise2.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Benjamin Vaisvil (first contribution)
Blaise Li
Chad Parmet
Chris Rands
Connor T. Skennerton
Francesco Gastaldello
Michiel de Hoon
Pamela Russell (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Spencer Bliven
Stefans Mezulis
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto

3 April 2018: Biopython 1.71

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.7, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. It has also been tested on PyPy2.7 v5.10.0 and PyPy3.5 v5.10.1.

Python 3 is the primary development platform for Biopython. We will drop support for Python 2.7 no later than 2020, in line with the end-of-life or sunset date for Python 2.7 itself.

Encoding issues have been fixed in several parsers when reading data files with non-ASCII characters, like accented letters in people's names. This would raise UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte ... under some system locale settings.

Bio.KEGG can now parse Gene files.

The multiple-sequence-alignment object used by Bio.AlignIO etc now supports a per-column annotation dictionary, useful for richly annotated alignments in the Stockholm/PFAM format.

The SeqRecord object now has a translate method, following the approach used for its existing reverse_complement method etc.

The output of function format_alignment in Bio.pairwise2 for displaying a pairwise sequence alignment as text now indicates gaps and mis-matches.

Bio.SeqIO now supports reading and writing two-line-per-record FASTA files under the format name "fasta-2line", useful if you wish to work without line-wrapped sequences.

Bio.PDB now contains a writer for the mmCIF file format, which has been the standard PDB archive format since 2014. This allows structural objects to be written out and facilitates conversion between the PDB and mmCIF file formats.

Bio.Emboss.Applications has been updated to fix a wrong parameter in fuzznuc wrapper and include a new wrapper for fuzzpro.

The restriction enzyme list in Bio.Restriction has been updated to the November 2017 release of REBASE.

New codon tables 27-31 from NCBI (NCBI genetic code table version 4.2) were added to Bio.Data.CodonTable. Note that tables 27, 28 and 31 contain no dedicated stop codons; the stop codons in these codes have a context dependent encoding as either STOP or as amino acid.

IO functions such as SeqIO.parse now accept any objects which can be passed to the builtin open function. Specifically, this allows using pathlib.Path objects under Python 3.6 and newer, as per PEP 519.

Bio.SearchIO can now parse InterProScan XML files.

For Python 3 compatibility, comparison operators for the entities within a Bio.PDB Structure object were implemented. These allow the comparison of models, chains, residues, and atoms with the common operators (==, !=, >, ...) Comparisons are based on IDs and take the parents of the entity up to the model level into account. For consistent behaviour of all entities the operators for atoms were modified to also consider the parent IDs. NOTE: this represents a change in behaviour in respect to v1.70 for Atom comparisons. In order to mimic the behaviour of previous versions, comparison will have to be done for Atom IDs and alternative locations specifically.

In this release more of our code is now explicitly available under either our original "Biopython License Agreement", or the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

Additionally, a number of small bugs and typos have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Adhemar Zerlotini
Ariel Aptekmann
Chris Rands
Christian Brueffer
Connor T. Skennerton
Erik Cederstrand (first contribution)
Fei Qi (first contribution)
Francesco Gastaldello
James Jeffryes (first contribution)
Jerven Bolleman (first contribution)
Joe Greener (first contribution)
Joerg Schaarschmidt (first contribution)
João Rodrigues
Jeroen Van Goey
Jun Aruga (first contribution)
Kai Blin
Kozo Nishida
Lewis A. Marshall (first contribution)
Markus Piotrowski
Michiel de Hoon
Nicolas Fontrodona (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Philip Bergstrom (first contribution)
rht (first contribution)
Saket Choudhary
Shuichiro MAKIGAKI (first contribution)
Shyam Saladi (first contribution)
Siong Kong
Spencer Bliven
Stefans Mezulis
Steve Bond
Yasar L. Ahmed (first contribution)
Zachary Sailer (first contribution)
Zaid Ur-Rehman (first contribution)

10 July 2017: Biopython 1.70

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.7, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 (we have now dropped support for Python 3.3). It has also been tested on PyPy v5.7, PyPy3.5 v5.8 beta, and Jython 2.7 (although support for Jython is deprecated).

Biopython now has a new logo, contributed by Patrick Kunzmann. Drawing on our original logo and the current Python logo, this shows a yellow and blue snake forming a double helix.

For installation Biopython now assumes setuptools is present, and takes advantage of this to declare we require NumPy at install time (except under Jython). This should help ensure pip install biopython works smoothly.

Bio.AlignIO now supports Mauve's eXtended Multi-FastA (XMFA) file format under the format name "mauve" (contributed by Eric Rasche).

Bio.ExPASy was updated to fix fetching PROSITE and PRODOC records, and return text-mode handles for use under Python 3.

Two new arguments for reading and writing blast-xml files have been added to the Bio.SearchIO functions (read/parse and write, respectively). They are 'use_raw_hit_ids' and 'use_raw_query_ids'. Check out the relevant SearchIO.BlastIO documentation for a complete description of what these arguments do.

Bio.motifs was updated to support changes in MEME v4.11.4 output.

The Bio.Seq sequence objects now have a .count_overlap() method to supplement the Python string like non-overlap based .count() method.

The Bio.SeqFeature location objects can now be compared for equality.

Bio.Phylo.draw_graphviz is now deprecated. We recommend using Bio.Phylo.draw instead, or another library or program if more advanced plotting functionality is needed.

In Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction, the DistanceMatrix class (previously _DistanceMatrix) has a new method 'format_phylip' to write Phylip-compatible distance matrix files (contributed by Jordan Willis).

Additionally, a number of small bugs have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Aaron Kitzmiller (first contribution)
Adil Iqbal (first contribution)
Allis Tauri
Andrew Guy
Ariel Aptekmann (first contribution)
Ben Fulton
Bertrand Caron (first contribution)
Chris Rands (first contribution)
Connor T. Skennerton
Eric Rasche
Eric Talevich
Francesco Gastaldello
François Coste (first contribution)
Frederic Sapet (first contribution)
Jimmy O'Donnell (first contribution)
Jared Andrews (first contribution)
John Kern (first contribution)
Jordan Willis (first contribution)
João Rodrigues
Kai Blin
Markus Piotrowski
Mateusz Korycinski (first contribution)
Maximilian Greil
Michiel de Hoon
morrme (first contribution)
Noam Kremen (first contribution)
Patrick Kunzmann (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Rasmus Fonseca (first contribution)
Rodrigo Dorantes-Gilardi (first contribution)
Sacha Laurent (first contribution)
Sourav Singh
Ted Cybulski (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto
Zheng Ruan

6 April 2017: Biopython 1.69

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 (we have now dropped support for Python 2.6). It has also been tested on PyPy v5.7, PyPy3.5 v5.7 beta, and Jython 2.7.

We have started to dual-license Biopython under both our original liberal "Biopython License Agreement", and the very similar but more commonly used "3-Clause BSD License". In this release a small number of the Python files are explicitly available under either license, but most of the code remains under the "Biopython License Agreement" only. See the LICENSE.rst file for more details.

We now expect and take advantage of NumPy under PyPy, and compile most of the Biopython C code modules as well.

Bio.AlignIO now supports the UCSC Multiple Alignment Format (MAF) under the format name "maf", using new module Bio.AlignIO.MafIO which also offers indexed access to these potentially large files using SQLite3 (contributed by Andrew Sczesnak, with additional refinements from Adam Novak).

Bio.SearchIO.AbiIO has been extended to support parsing FSA files. The underlying format (ABIF) remains the same as AB1 files and so the string 'abif' is the expected format argument in the main SeqIO functions. AbiIO determines whether the file is AB1 or FSA based on the presence of specific tags.

The Uniprot parser is now able to parse "submittedName" elements in XML files.

The NEXUS parser handling of internal node comments has been improved, which should help if working with tools like the BEAST TreeAnnotator. Slashes are now also allowed in identifiers.

New parser for ExPASy Cellosaurus, a cell line database, cell line catalogue, and cell line ontology (contributed by Steve Marshall).

For consistency the Bio.Seq module now offers a complement function (already available as a method on the Seq and MutableSeq objects).

The SeqFeature object's qualifiers is now an explicitly ordered dictionary (note that as of Python 3.6 the Python dict is ordered by default anyway). This helps reproduce GenBank/EMBL files on input/output.

The Bio.SeqIO UniProt-XML parser was updated to cope with features with unknown locations which can be found in mass spec data.

The Bio.SeqIO GenBank, EMBL, and IMGT parsers now record the molecule type from the LOCUS/ID line explicitly in the record.annotations dictionary. The Bio.SeqIO EMBL parser was updated to cope with more variants seen in patent data files, and the related IMGT parser was updated to cope with IPD-IMGT/HLA database files after release v3.16.0 when their ID line changed. The GenBank output now uses colon space to match current NCBI DBLINK lines.

The Bio.Affy package supports Affymetrix version 4 of the CEL file format, in addition to version 3.

The restriction enzyme list in Bio.Restriction has been updated to the February 2017 release of REBASE.

Bio.PDB.PDBList now can download PDBx/mmCif (new default), PDB (old default), PDBML/XML and mmtf format protein structures. This is inline with the RCSB recommendation to use PDBx/mmCif and deprecate the PDB file format. Biopython already has support for parsing mmCif files.

Additionally, a number of small bugs have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work to follow the Python PEP8, PEP257 and best practice standard coding style.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Aaron Rosenfeld
Adam Kurkiewicz (first contribution)
Adam Novak (first contribution)
Adrian Altenhoff (first contribution)
Allis Tauri (first contribution)
Andrew Dalke
Andrew Guy (first contribution)
Andrew Sczesnak (first contribution)
Ben Fulton
Bernhard Thiel (first contribution)
Bertrand Néron
Blaise Li (first contribution)
Brandon Carter (first contribution)
Brandon Invergo
Carlos Pena
Carlos Ríos
Chris Warth
Emmanuel Noutahi
Foen Peng (first contribution)
Francesco Gastaldello (first contribution)
Francisco Pina-Martins (first contribution)
Hector Martinez (first contribution)
Jacek Śmietański
Jack Twilley (first contribution)
Jeroen Van Goey (first contribution)
Joshua Meyers (first contribution)
Kurt Graff (first contribution)
Lenna Peterson
Leonhard Heizinger (first contribution)
Marcin Magnus (first contribution)
Markus Piotrowski
Maximilian Greil (first contribution)
Michał J. Gajda (first contribution)
Michiel de Hoon
Milind Luthra (first contribution)
Oscar G. Garcia (first contribution)
Owen Solberg
Peter Cock
Richard Neher (first contribution)
Sebastian Bassi
Sourav Singh (first contribution)
Spencer Bliven (first contribution)
Stefans Mezulis
Steve Bond
Steve Marshall (first contribution)
Uri Laserson
Veronika Berman (first contribution)
Vincent Davis
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto

25 August 2016: Biopython 1.68

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5, but this will be our final release to run on Python 2.6. It has also been tested on PyPy 5.0, PyPy3 version 2.4, and Jython 2.7.

Bio.PDB has been extended to parse the RSSB's new binary Macromolecular Transmission Format (MMTF, see https://mmtf.rcsb.org), in addition to the mmCIF and PDB file formats (contributed by Anthony Bradley). This requires an optional external dependency on the mmtf-python library.

Module Bio.pairwise2 has been re-written (contributed by Markus Piotrowski). It is now faster, addresses some problems with local alignments, and also now allows gap insertions after deletions, and vice versa, inspired by the https://doi.org/10.1101/031500 preprint from Flouri et al.

The two sample graphical tools SeqGui (Sequence Graphical User Interface) and xbbtools were rewritten (SeqGui) or updated (xbbtools) using the tkinter library (contributed by Markus Piotrowski). SeqGui allows simple nucleotide transcription, back-transcription and translation into amino acids using Bio.Seq internally, offering of the NCBI genetic codes supported in Biopython. xbbtools is able to open Fasta formatted files, does simple nucleotide operations and translations in any reading frame using one of the NCBI genetic codes. In addition, it supports standalone Blast installations to do local Blast searches.

New NCBI genetic code table 26 (Pachysolen tannophilus Nuclear Code) has been added to Bio.Data (and the translation functionality), and table 11 is now also available under the alias Archaeal.

In line with NCBI website changes, Biopython now uses HTTPS rather than HTTP to connect to the NCBI Entrez and QBLAST API.

Additionally, a number of small bugs have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work to follow the Python PEP8 and best practice standard coding style.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Anthony Bradley (first contribution)
Ben Fulton
Carlos Pena
Connor T. Skennerton
Iddo Friedberg
Kai Blin
Kristian Davidsen (first contribution)
Markus Piotrowski
Olivier Morelle (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Stefans Mezulis (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Travis Wrightsman
Uwe Schmitt (first contribution)
Xiaoyu Zhuo (first contribution)

8 June 2016: Biopython 1.67

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5, but support for Python 2.6 is considered to be deprecated. It has also been tested on PyPy 5.0, PyPy3 version 2.4, and Jython 2.7.

Comparison of SeqRecord objects until now has used the default Python object comparison (are they the same instance in memory?). This can be surprising, but comparing all of the attributes would be too complex. As of this release attempting to compare SeqRecord objects should raise an exception instead. If you want the old behaviour, use id(record1) == id(record2) instead.

New experimental module Bio.phenotype is for working with Phenotype Microarray plates in JSON and the machine vendor's CSV format (contributed by Marco Galardini).

Following the convention used elsewhere in Biopython, there is a new function Bio.KEGG.read(...) for parsing KEGG files expected to contain a single record only - the existing function Bio.KEGG.parse(...) is intended to be used to iterate over multi-record files.

When a gap character is defined, Bio.Seq will now translate gap codons (e.g. "---") into a single gap ("-") in the protein sequence. The gap character is inferred from the Seq object's alphabet, but it can also be passed as an argument to the translate method.

The new NCBI genetic code table 25, covering Candidate Division SR1 and Gracilibacteria, has been added to Bio.Data (and the translation functionality).

The Bio.Entrez interface will automatically use an HTTP POST rather than HTTP GET if the URL would exceed 1000 characters. This is based on NCBI guidelines and the fact that very long queries like complex searches can otherwise trigger an HTTP Error 414 Request URI too long.

Foreign keys are now used when creating BioSQL databases with SQLite3 (this was not possible until SQLite version 3.6.19). The BioSQL taxonomy code now updates the taxon table left/right keys when updating the taxonomy.

There have been some fixes to the MMCIF structure parser which now uses identifiers which better match results from the PDB structure parse.

The restriction enzyme list in Bio.Restriction has been updated to the May 2016 release of REBASE.

The mmCIF parser in Bio.PDB.MMCIFParser has been joined by a second version which only looks at the ATOM and HETATM lines and can be much faster.

The Bio.KEGG.REST will now return unicode text-based handles, except for images which remain as binary bytes-based handles, making it easier to use with the mostly text-based parsers in Biopython.

Note that the BioSQL test configuration information is now in a new file Tests/biosql.ini rather than directly in Tests/test_BioSQL_*.py as before. You can make a copy of the provided example file Tests/biosql.ini.sample as Tests/biosql.ini and edit this if you wish to run the BioSQL tests.

Additionally, a number of small bugs have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work to follow the Python PEP8 standard coding style, and in converting our docstring documentation to use the reStructuredText markup style.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Aaron Rosenfeld (first contribution)
Anders Pitman (first contribution)
Barbara Mühlemann (first contribution)
Ben Fulton
Ben Woodcroft (first contribution)
Brandon Invergo
Brian Osborne (first contribution)
Carlos Pena
Chaitanya Gupta (first contribution)
Chris Warth (first contribution)
Christiam Camacho (first contribution)
Connor T. Skennerton
David Koppstein (first contribution)
Eric Talevich
Jacek Śmietański (first contribution)
João D Ferreira (first contribution)
João Rodrigues
Joe Cora (first contribution)
Kai Blin
Leighton Pritchard
Lenna Peterson
Marco Galardini (first contribution)
Markus Piotrowski
Matt Ruffalo (first contribution)
Matteo Sticco (first contribution)
Nader Morshed (first contribution)
Owen Solberg (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Steve Bond (first contribution)
Terry Jones (first contribution)
Vincent Davis
Zheng Ruan

21 October 2015: Biopython 1.66

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5, but support for Python 2.6 is considered to be deprecated. It has also been tested on PyPy 2.4 to 2.6, PyPy3 version 2.4, and Jython 2.7.

Further work on the Bio.KEGG and Bio.Graphics modules now allows drawing KGML pathways with transparency.

The Bio.SeqIO "abi" parser now decodes almost all the documented fields used by the ABIF instruments - including the individual color channels.

Bio.PDB now has a QCPSuperimposer module using the Quaternion Characteristic Polynomial algorithm for superimposing structures. This is a fast alternative to the existing SVDSuperimposer code using singular value decomposition.

Bio.Entrez now implements the NCBI Entrez Citation Matching function (ECitMatch), which retrieves PubMed IDs (PMIDs) that correspond to a set of input citation strings.

Bio.Entrez.parse(...) now supports NCBI XML files using XSD schemas, which will be downloaded and cached like NCBI DTD files.

A subtle bug in how multi-part GenBank/EMBL locations on the reverse strand were parsed into CompoundLocations was fixed: complement(join(...)) as used by NCBI worked, but join(complement(...),complement(...),...) as used by EMBL/ENSEMBL gave the CompoundLocation parts in the wrong order. A related bug when taking the reverse complement of a SeqRecord containing features with CompoundLocations was also fixed.

Additionally, a number of small bugs have been fixed with further additions to the test suite, and there has been further work on conforming to the Python PEP8 standard coding style.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Alan Medlar (first contribution)
Anthony Mathelier (first contribution)
Antony Lee (first contribution)
Anuj Sharma (first contribution)
Ben Fulton (first contribution)
Bertrand Néron
Brandon Invergo
Carlos Pena
Christian Brueffer
Connor T. Skennerton (first contribution)
David Arenillas (first contribution)
David Nicholson (first contribution)
Emmanuel Noutahi (first contribution)
Eric Rasche (first contribution)
Fabio Madeira (first contribution)
Franco Caramia (first contribution)
Gert Hulselmans (first contribution)
Gleb Kuznetsov (first contribution)
João Rodrigues
John Bradley (first contribution)
Kai Blin
Kian Ho (first contribution)
Kozo Nishida (first contribution)
Kuan-Yi Li (first contribution)
Leighton Pritchard
Lucas Sinclair
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Saket Choudhary
Sunhwan Jo (first contribution)
Tarcisio Fedrizzi (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Vincent Davis

17 December 2014: Biopython 1.65 released.

The Biopython sequence objects now use string comparison, rather than Python's object comparison. This has been planned for a long time with warning messages in place (under Python 2, the warnings were sadly missing under Python 3).

The Bio.KEGG and Bio.Graphics modules have been expanded with support for the online KEGG REST API, and parsing, representing and drawing KGML pathways.

The Pterobranchia Mitochondrial genetic code has been added to Bio.Data (and the translation functionality), which is the new NCBI genetic code table 24.

The Bio.SeqIO parser for the ABI capillary file format now exposes all the raw data in the SeqRecord's annotation as a dictionary. This allows further in-depth analysis by advanced users.

Bio.SearchIO QueryResult objects now allow Hit retrieval using its alternative IDs (any IDs listed after the first one, for example as used with the NCBI BLAST NR database).

We have also done some more work applying PEP8 coding styles to Biopython.

Bio.SeqUtils.MeltingTemp has been rewritten with new functionality.

The new experimental module Bio.CodonAlign has been renamed Bio.codonalign (and similar lower case PEP8 style module names have been used for the sub-modules within this).

Bio.SeqIO.index_db(...) and Bio.SearchIO.index_db(...) now store any relative filenames relative to the index file, rather than (as before) relative to the current directory at the time the index was built. This makes the indexes less fragile, so that they can be used from other working directories. NOTE: This change is backward compatible (old index files work as before), however relative paths in new indexes will not work on older versions of Biopython!

Biopython also seems to work fine under PyPy3 2.4 which implements Python 3.2 plus unicode string literals.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Alan Du (first contribution)
Carlos Pena (first contribution)
Colin Lappala (first contribution)
Christian Brueffer
David Bulger (first contribution)
Eric Talevich
Evan Parker (first contribution)
Hongbo Zhu
Kai Blin
Kevin Wu (first contribution)
Leighton Pritchard
Leszek Pryszcz (first contribution)
Markus Piotrowski
Matt Shirley (first contribution)
Mike Cariaso (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Seth Sims (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Travis Wrightsman (first contribution)
Tyghe Vallard (first contribution)
Vincent Davis
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto
Zheng Ruan

29 May 2014: Biopython 1.64 released.

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.6 and 2.7, 3.3 and also the new 3.4 version. It is also tested on PyPy 2.0 to 2.3, and Jython 2.7b2.

The new experimental module Bio.CodonAlign facilitates building codon alignment and further analysis upon it. This work is from the Google Summer of Code (GSoC) project by Zheng Ruan.

Bio.Phylo now has tree construction and consensus modules, from the GSoC work by Yanbo Ye.

Bio.Entrez will now automatically download and cache new NCBI DTD files for XML parsing under the user's home directory (using ~/.biopython on Unix like systems, and $APPDATA/biopython on Windows).

Bio.Sequencing.Applications now includes a wrapper for the samtools command line tool.

Bio.PopGen.SimCoal now also supports fastsimcoal.

SearchIO hmmer3-text, hmmer3-tab, and hmmer3-domtab now support output from hmmer3.1b1.

The accession of QueryResult and Hit objects created when using the 'hmmer3-tab' format are now properly named as accession (previously they were acc, deviating from the documentation).

The homology` key in the ``aln_annotation attribute of an HSP object in Bio.SearchIO has been renamed to similarity.

The Bio.SeqUtils masses and molecular_weight function have been updated.

BioSQL can now use the mysql-connector package (available for Python 2, 3 and PyPy) as an alternative to MySQLdb (Python 2 only) to connect to a MySQL database.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Chunlei Wu (first contribution)
Edward Liaw (first contribution)
Eric Talevich
Leighton Pritchard
Manlio Calvi (first contribution)
Markus Piotrowski (first contribution)
Melissa Gymrek (first contribution)
Michiel de Hoon
Nigel Delaney
Peter Cock
Saket Choudhary
Tiago Antao
Vincent Davis (first contribution)
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto
Yanbo Ye (first contribution)
Zheng Ruan (first contribution)

4 December 2013: Biopython 1.63 released.

This release supports Python 3.3 onwards without conversion via the 2to3 library. See the Biopython 1.63 beta release notes below for details. Since the beta release we have made some minor bug fixes and test improvements.

The restriction enzyme list in Bio.Restriction has been updated to the December 2013 release of REBASE.

Additional contributors since the beta:

Gokcen Eraslan (first contribution)

12 November 2013: Biopython 1.63 beta released.

This is a beta release for testing purposes, the main reason for a beta version is the large amount of changes imposed by the removal of the 2to3 library previously required for the support of Python 3.X. This was made possible by dropping Python 2.5 (and Jython 2.5).

This release of Biopython supports Python 2.6 and 2.7, and also Python 3.3.

The Biopython Tutorial & Cookbook, and the docstring examples in the source code, now use the Python 3 style print function in place of the Python 2 style print statement. This language feature is available under Python 2.6 and 2.7 via:

from __future__ import print_function

Similarly we now use the Python 3 style built-in next function in place of the Python 2 style iterators' .next() method. This language feature is also available under Python 2.6 and 2.7.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Chris Mitchell (first contribution)
Christian Brueffer
Eric Talevich
Josha Inglis (first contribution)
Konstantin Tretyakov (first contribution)
Lenna Peterson
Martin Mokrejs
Nigel Delaney (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Sergei Lebedev (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Wayne Decatur (first contribution)
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto

28 August 2013: Biopython 1.62 released.

This is our first release to officially support Python 3, however it is also our final release supporting Python 2.5. Specifically this release is supported and tested on standard Python 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and 3.3. It was also tested under Jython 2.5, 2.7 and PyPy 1.9, 2.0.

See the Biopython 1.62 beta release notes below for most changes. Since the beta release we have added several minor bug fixes and test improvements. Additional contributors since the beta:

Bertrand Néron (first contribution)
Lenna Peterson
Martin Mokrejs
Matsuyuki Shirota (first contribution)

15 July 2013: Biopython 1.62 beta released.

This is a beta release for testing purposes, both for new features added, and changes to location parsing, but more importantly Biopython 1.62 will be our first release to officially support Python 3.

Specifically we intend Biopython 1.62 to support standard Python 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and 3.3, but the release will also be tested under Jython 2.5, 2.7 and PyPy 1.9, 2.0 as well. It will be our final release supporting Python 2.5.

The translation functions will give a warning on any partial codons (and this will probably become an error in a future release). If you know you are dealing with partial sequences, either pad with N to extend the sequence length to a multiple of three, or explicitly trim the sequence.

The handling of joins and related complex features in Genbank/EMBL files has been changed with the introduction of a CompoundLocation object. Previously a SeqFeature for something like a multi-exon CDS would have a child SeqFeature (under the sub_features attribute) for each exon. The sub_features property will still be populated for now, but is deprecated and will in future be removed. Please consult the examples in the help (docstrings) and Tutorial.

Thanks to the efforts of Ben Morris, the Phylo module now supports the file formats NeXML and CDAO. The Newick parser is also significantly faster, and can now optionally extract bootstrap values from the Newick comment field (like Molphy and Archaeopteryx do). Nate Sutton added a wrapper for FastTree to Bio.Phylo.Applications.

New module Bio.UniProt adds parsers for the GAF, GPA and GPI formats from UniProt-GOA.

The BioSQL module is now supported in Jython. MySQL and PostgreSQL databases can be used. The relevant JDBC driver should be available in the CLASSPATH.

Feature labels on circular GenomeDiagram figures now support the label_position argument (start, middle or end) in addition to the current default placement, and in a change to prior releases these labels are outside the features which is now consistent with the linear diagrams.

The code for parsing 3D structures in mmCIF files was updated to use the Python standard library's shlex module instead of C code using flex.

The Bio.Sequencing.Applications module now includes a BWA command line wrapper.

Bio.motifs supports JASPAR format files with multiple position-frequence matrices.

Additionally there have been other minor bug fixes and more unit tests.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Alexander Campbell (first contribution)
Andrea Rizzi (first contribution)
Anthony Mathelier (first contribution)
Ben Morris (first contribution)
Brad Chapman
Christian Brueffer
David Arenillas (first contribution)
David Martin (first contribution)
Eric Talevich
Iddo Friedberg
Jian-Long Huang (first contribution)
Joao Rodrigues
Kai Blin
Michiel de Hoon
Nate Sutton (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Petra Kubincová (first contribution)
Phillip Garland
Saket Choudhary (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto
Xabier Bello (first contribution)

5 February 2013: Biopython 1.61 released.

GenomeDiagram has three new sigils (shapes to illustrate features). OCTO shows an octagonal shape, like the existing BOX sigil but with the corners cut off. JAGGY shows a box with jagged edges at the start and end, intended for things like NNNNN regions in draft genomes. Finally BIGARROW is like the existing ARROW sigil but is drawn straddling the axis. This is useful for drawing vertically compact figures where you do not have overlapping genes.

New module Bio.Graphics.ColorSpiral can generate colors along a spiral path through HSV color space. This can be used to make arbitrary 'rainbow' scales, for example to color features or cross-links on a GenomeDiagram figure.

The Bio.SeqIO module now supports reading sequences from PDB files in two different ways. The "pdb-atom" format determines the sequence as it appears in the structure based on the atom coordinate section of the file (via Bio.PDB, so NumPy is currently required for this). Alternatively, you can use the "pdb-seqres" format to read the complete protein sequence as it is listed in the PDB header, if available.

The Bio.SeqUtils module how has a seq1 function to turn a sequence using three letter amino acid codes into one using the more common one letter codes. This acts as the inverse of the existing seq3 function.

The multiple-sequence-alignment object used by Bio.AlignIO etc now supports an annotation dictionary. Additional support for per-column annotation is planned, with addition and splicing to work like that for the SeqRecord per-letter annotation.

A new warning, Bio.BiopythonExperimentalWarning, has been introduced. This marks any experimental code included in the otherwise stable release. Such 'beta' level code is ready for wider testing, but still likely to change and should only be tried by early adopters to give feedback via the biopython-dev mailing list. We'd expect such experimental code to reach stable status in one or two releases time, at which point our normal policies about trying to preserve backwards compatibility would apply. See also the README file.

This release also includes Bow's Google Summer of Code work writing a unified parsing framework for NCBI BLAST (assorted formats including tabular and XML), HMMER, BLAT, and other sequence searching tools. This is currently available with the new BiopythonExperimentalWarning to indicate that this is still somewhat experimental. We're bundling it with the main release to get more public feedback, but with the big warning that the API is likely to change. In fact, even the current name of Bio.SearchIO may change since unless you are familiar with BioPerl its purpose isn't immediately clear.

The Bio.Motif module has been updated and reorganized. To allow for a clean deprecation of the old code, the new motif code is stored in a new module Bio.motifs, and a PendingDeprecationWarning was added to Bio.Motif.

A faster low level string FASTA based parser SimpleFastaParser has been added to Bio.SeqIO.FastaIO which like its sister function for FASTQ files does not have the overhead of constructing SeqRecord objects.

Additionally there have been other minor bug fixes and more unit tests.

Finally, we are phasing out support for Python 2.5. We will continue support for at least one further release (Biopython 1.62). This could be extended given feedback from our users (or if the Jython 2.7 release is delayed, since the current stable release Jython 2.5 implemented Python 2.5 only). Focusing on Python 2.6 and 2.7 only will make writing Python 3 compatible code easier.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Brandon Invergo
Bryan Lunt (first contribution)
Christian Brueffer (first contribution)
David Cain
Eric Talevich
Grace Yeo (first contribution)
Jeffrey Chang
Jingping Li (first contribution)
Kai Blin (first contribution)
Leighton Pritchard
Lenna Peterson
Lucas Sinclair (first contribution)
Michiel de Hoon
Nick Semenkovich (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Robert Ernst (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Wibowo 'Bow' Arindrarto

25 June 2012: Biopython 1.60 released.

New module Bio.bgzf supports reading and writing BGZF files (Blocked GNU Zip Format), a variant of GZIP with efficient random access, most commonly used as part of the BAM file format. This uses Python's zlib library internally, and provides a simple interface like Python's gzip library. Using this the Bio.SeqIO indexing functions now support BGZF compressed sequence files.

The GenBank/EMBL parser will now give a warning on unrecognised feature locations and continue parsing (leaving the feature's location as None). Previously it would abort with an exception, which was often unhelpful.

The Bio.PDB.MMCIFParser is now compiled by default (but is still not available under Jython, PyPy or Python 3).

The SFF parser in Bio.SeqIO now decodes Roche 454 'universal accession number' 14 character read names, which encode the timestamp of the run, the region the read came from, and the location of the well.

In the Phylo module, the "draw" function for plotting tree objects has become much more flexible, with improved support for matplotlib conventions and new parameters for specifying branch and taxon labels. Writing in the PhyloXML format has been updated to more closely match the output of other programs. A wrapper for the program RAxML has been added under Bio.Phylo.Applications, alongside the existing wrapper for PhyML.

Additionally there have been other minor bug fixes and more unit tests.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Brandon Invergo
Eric Talevich
Jeff Hussmann (first contribution)
John Comeau (first contribution)
Kamil Slowikowski (first contribution)
Kevin Jacobs
Lenna Peterson (first contribution)
Matt Fenwick (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Paul T. Bathen
Wibowo Arindrarto

24 February 2012: Biopython 1.59 released.

Please note that this release will not work on Python 2.4 (while the recent releases have worked despite us not officially supporting this).

The position objects used in Bio.SeqFeature now act almost like integers, making dealing with fuzzy locations in EMBL/GenBank files much easier. Note as part of this work, the arguments to create fuzzy positions OneOfPosition and WithinPosition have changed in a non-backwards compatible way.

The SeqFeature's strand and any database reference are now properties of the FeatureLocation object (a more logical placement), with proxy methods for backwards compatibility. As part of this change, if you print a location object it will now display any strand and database reference information.

The installation setup.py now supports 'install_requires' when setuptools is installed. This avoids the manual dialog when installing Biopython via easy_install or pip and numpy is not installed. It also allows user libraries that require Biopython to include it in their install_requires and get automatic installation of dependencies.

Bio.Graphics.BasicChromosome has been extended to allow simple sub-features to be drawn on chromosome segments, suitable to show the position of genes, SNPs or other loci. Note Bio.Graphics requires the ReportLab library.

Bio.Graphics.GenomeDiagram has been extended to allow cross-links between tracks, and track specific start/end positions for showing regions. This can be used to imitate the output from the Artemis Comparison Tool (ACT). Also, a new attribute circle_core makes it easier to have an empty space in the middle of a circular diagram (see tutorial).

Bio.Align.Applications now includes a wrapper for command line tool Clustal Omega for protein multiple sequence alignment.

Bio.AlignIO now supports sequential PHYLIP files (as well as interlaced PHYLIP files) as a separate format variant.

New module Bio.TogoWS offers a wrapper for the TogoWS REST API, a web service based in Japan offering access to KEGG, DDBJ, PDBj, CBRC plus access to some NCBI, EBI resources including PubMed, GenBank and UniProt. This is much easier to use than the NCBI Entrez API, but should be especially useful for Biopython users based in Asia.

Bio.Entrez function efetch has been updated to handle the NCBI's stricter handling of multiple ID arguments in EFetch 2.0, however the NCBI have also changed the retmode default argument so you may need to make this explicit. e.g. retmode="text"

Additionally there have been other minor bug fixes and more unit tests.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Andreas Wilm (first contribution)
Alessio Papini (first contribution)
Brad Chapman
Brandon Invergo
Connor McCoy
Eric Talevich
João Rodrigues
Konrad Förstner (first contribution)
Michiel de Hoon
Matej Repič (first contribution)
Leighton Pritchard
Peter Cock

18 August 2011: Biopython 1.58 released.

A new interface and parsers for the PAML (Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood) package of programs, supporting codeml, baseml and yn00 as well as a Python re-implementation of chi2 was added as the Bio.Phylo.PAML module.

Bio.SeqIO now includes read and write support for the SeqXML, a simple XML format offering basic annotation support. See Schmitt et al (2011) in Briefings in Bioinformatics, https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbr025

Bio.SeqIO now includes read support for ABI files ("Sanger" capillary sequencing trace files, containing called sequence with PHRED qualities).

The Bio.AlignIO "fasta-m10" parser was updated to cope with the >>><<< lines as used in Bill Pearson's FASTA version 3.36, without this fix the parser would only return alignments for the first query sequence.

The Bio.AlignIO "phylip" parser and writer now treat a dot/period in the sequence as an error, in line with the official PHYLIP specification. Older versions of our code didn't do anything special with this character. Also, support for "phylip-relaxed" has been added which allows longer record names as used in RAxML and PHYML.

Of potential interest to anyone subclassing Biopython objects, any remaining "old style" Python classes have been switched to "new style" classes. This allows things like defining properties.

Bio.HMM's Viterbi algorithm now expects the initial probabilities explicitly.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Aaron Gallagher (first contribution)
Bartek Wilczynski
Bogdan T. (first contribution)
Brandon Invergo (first contribution)
Connor McCoy (first contribution)
David Cain (first contribution)
Eric Talevich
Fábio Madeira (first contribution)
Hongbo Zhu
Joao Rodrigues
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Thomas Schmitt (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Walter Gillett
Wibowo Arindrarto (first contribution)

2 April 2011: Biopython 1.57 released.

Bio.SeqIO now includes an index_db() function which extends the existing indexing functionality to allow indexing many files, and more importantly this keeps the index on disk in a simple SQLite3 database rather than in memory in a Python dictionary.

Bio.Blast.Applications now includes a wrapper for the BLAST+ blast_formatter tool from NCBI BLAST 2.2.24+ or later. This release of BLAST+ added the ability to run the BLAST tools and save the output as ASN.1 format, and then convert this to any other supported BLAST output format (plain text, tabular, XML, or HTML) with the blast_formatter tool. The wrappers were also updated to include new arguments added in BLAST 2.2.25+ such as -db_hard_mask.

The SeqRecord object now has a reverse_complement method (similar to that of the Seq object). This is most useful to reversing per-letter-annotation (such as quality scores from FASTQ) or features (such as annotation from GenBank).

Bio.SeqIO.write's QUAL output has been sped up, and Bio.SeqIO.convert now uses an optimised routine for FASTQ to QUAL making this much faster.

Biopython can now be installed with pip. Thanks to David Koppstein and James Casbon for reporting the problem.

Bio.SeqIO.write now uses lower case for the sequence for GenBank, EMBL and IMGT output.

The Bio.PDB module received several fixes and improvements, including starting to merge João's work from GSoC 2010; consequently Atom objects now know their element type and IUPAC mass. (The new features that use these attributes won't be included in Biopython until the next release, though, so stay tuned.)

The nodetype hierarchy in the Bio.SCOP.Cla.Record class is now a dictionary (previously it was a list of key,value tuples) to better match the standard.

Many thanks to the Biopython developers and community for making this release possible, especially the following contributors:

Brad Chapman
Eric Talevich
Erick Matsen (first contribution)
Hongbo Zhu
Jeffrey Finkelstein (first contribution)
Joanna & Dominik Kasprzak (first contribution)
Joao Rodrigues
Kristian Rother
Leighton Pritchard
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Peter Thorpe (first contribution)
Phillip Garland
Walter Gillett (first contribution)

26 November 2010: Biopython 1.56 released.

This is planned to be our last release to support Python 2.4, however this could be delayed given immediate feedback from our users (e.g. if this proves to be a problem in combination with other libraries or a popular Linux distribution).

Bio.SeqIO can now read and index UniProt XML files (under format name "uniprot-xml", which was agreed with EMBOSS and BioPerl for when/if they support it too).

Bio.SeqIO can now read, write and index IMGT files. These are a variant of the EMBL sequence text file format with longer feature indentation.

Bio.SeqIO now supports protein EMBL files (used in the EMBL patents database file epo_prt.dat) - previously we only expected nucleotide EMBL files.

The Bio.Seq translation methods and function will now accept an arbitrary CodonTable object (for those of you working on very unusual organisms).

The SeqFeature object now supports len(feature) giving the length consistent with the existing extract method. Also, it now supports iteration giving the coordinate (with respect to the parent sequence) of each letter within the feature (in frame aware order), and "in" which allows you to check if a (parent based) coordinate is within the feature location.

Bio.Entrez will now try to download any missing NCBI DTD files and cache them in the user's home directory.

The provisional database schema for BioSQL support on SQLite which Biopython has been using since Release 1.53 has now been added to BioSQL, and updated slightly.

Bio.PopGen.FDist now supports the DFDist command line tool as well as FDist2.

Bio.Motif now has a chapter in the Tutorial.

(At least) 13 people have contributed to this release, including 6 new people:

Andrea Pierleoni (first contribution)
Bart de Koning (first contribution)
Bartek Wilczynski
Bartosz Telenczuk (first contribution)
Cymon Cox
Eric Talevich
Frank Kauff
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Phillip Garland (first contribution)
Siong Kong (first contribution)
Tiago Antao
Uri Laserson (first contribution)

31 August 2010: Biopython 1.55 released.

See the notes below for the Biopython 1.55 beta release for changes since Biopython 1.54 was released. Since the beta release we have marked a few modules as obsolete or deprecated, and removed some deprecated code. There have also been a few bug fixes, extra unit tests, and documentation improvements.

(At least) 12 people have contributed to this release, including 6 new people:

Andres Colubri (first contribution)
Carlos Ríos (first contribution)
Claude Paroz (first contribution)
Cymon Cox
Eric Talevich
Frank Kauff
Joao Rodrigues (first contribution)
Konstantin Okonechnikov (first contribution)
Michiel de Hoon
Nathan Edwards (first contribution)
Peter Cock
Tiago Antao

18 August 2010: Biopython 1.55 beta released.

This is a beta release for testing purposes, both for new features added, and more importantly updates to avoid code deprecated in Python 2.7 or in Python 3. This is an important step towards Python 3 support.

We are phasing out support for Python 2.4. We will continue to support it for at least one further release (Biopython 1.56). This could be delayed given feedback from our users (e.g. if this proves to be a problem in combination with other libraries or a popular Linux distribution).

The SeqRecord object now has upper and lower methods (like the Seq object and Python strings), which return a new SeqRecord with the sequence in upper or lower case and a copy of all the annotation unchanged.

Several small issues with Bio.PDB have been resolved, which includes better handling of model numbers, and files missing the element column.

Feature location parsing for GenBank and EMBL files has been rewritten, making the parser much faster.

Ace parsing by SeqIO now uses zero rather than None for the quality score of any gaps (insertions) in the contig sequence.

The BioSQL classes DBServer and BioSeqDatabase now act more like Python dictionaries, making it easier to count, delete, iterate over, or check for membership of namespaces and records.

The command line tool application wrapper classes are now executable, so you can use them to call the tool (using the subprocess module internally) and capture the output and any error messages as strings (stdout and stderr). This avoids having to worry about the details of how best to use subprocess.

(At least) 10 people have contributed to this release, including 5 new people:

Andres Colubri (first contribution)
Carlos Ríos (first contribution)
Claude Paroz (first contribution)
Eric Talevich
Frank Kauff
Joao Rodrigues (first contribution)
Konstantin Okonechnikov (first contribution)
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Tiago Antao

May 20, 2010: Biopython 1.54 released.

See the notes below for the Biopython 1.54 beta release for changes since Biopython 1.53 was released. Since then there have been some changes to the new Bio.Phylo module, more documentation, and a number of smaller bug fixes.

April 2, 2010: Biopython 1.54 beta released.

We are phasing out support for Python 2.4. We will continue to support it for at least two further releases, and at least one year (whichever takes longer), before dropping support for Python 2.4. This could be delayed given feedback from our users (e.g. if this proves to be a problem in combination with other libraries or a popular Linux distribution).

New module Bio.Phylo includes support for reading, writing and working with phylogenetic trees from Newick, Nexus and phyloXML files. This was work by Eric Talevich on a Google Summer of Code 2009 project, under The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent), mentored by Brad Chapman and Christian Zmasek.

Bio.Entrez includes some more DTD files, in particular eLink_090910.dtd, needed for our NCBI Entrez Utilities XML parser.

The parse, read and write functions in Bio.SeqIO and Bio.AlignIO will now accept filenames as well as handles. This follows a general shift from other Python libraries, and does make usage a little simpler. Also the write functions will now accept a single SeqRecord or alignment.

Bio.SeqIO now supports writing EMBL files (DNA and RNA sequences only).

The dictionary-like objects from Bio.SeqIO.index() now support a get_raw method for most file formats, giving you the original unparsed data from the file as a string. This is useful for selecting a subset of records from a file where Bio.SeqIO.write() does not support the file format (e.g. the "swiss" format) or where you need to exactly preserve the original layout.

Based on code from Jose Blanca (author of sff_extract), Bio.SeqIO now supports reading, indexing and writing Standard Flowgram Format (SFF) files which are used by 454 Life Sciences (Roche) sequencers. This means you can use SeqIO to convert from SFF to FASTQ, FASTA and QUAL (as trimmed or untrimmed reads).

An improved multiple sequence alignment object has been introduced, and is used by Bio.AlignIO for input. This is a little stricter than the old class but should otherwise be backwards compatible.

(At least) 11 people contributed to this release, including 5 new people:

Anne Pajon (first contribution)
Brad Chapman
Christian Zmasek
Diana Jaunzeikare (first contribution)
Eric Talevich
Jose Blanca (first contribution)
Kevin Jacobs (first contribution)
Leighton Pritchard
Michiel de Hoon
Peter Cock
Thomas Holder (first contribution)

December 15, 2009: Biopython 1.53 released.

Biopython is now using git for source code control, currently on github. Our old CVS repository will remain on the OBF servers in the short/medium term as a backup, but will not be updated in future.

The Bio.Blast.Applications wrappers now covers the new NCBI BLAST C++ tools (where blastall is replaced by blastp, blastn, etc, and the command line switches have all been renamed). These will be replacing the old wrappers in Bio.Blast.NCBIStandalone which are now obsolete, and will be deprecated in our next release.

The plain text BLAST parser has been updated, and should cope with recent versions of NCBI BLAST, including the new C++ based version. Nevertheless, we (and the NCBI) still recommend using the XML output for parsing.

The Seq (and related UnknownSeq) objects gained upper and lower methods, like the string methods of the same name but alphabet aware. The Seq object also gained a new ungap method for removing gap characters in an alphabet aware manner.

The SeqFeature object now has an extract method, used with the parent sequence (as a string or Seq object) to get the region of that sequence described by the feature's location information (including the strand and any sub-features for a join). As an example, this is useful to get the nucleotide sequence for features in GenBank or EMBL files.

SeqRecord objects now support addition, giving a new SeqRecord with the combined sequence, all the SeqFeatures, and any common annotation.

Bio.Entrez includes the new (Jan 2010) DTD files from the NCBI for parsing MedLine/PubMed data.

The NCBI codon tables have been updated from version 3.4 to 3.9, which adds a few extra start codons, and a few new tables (Tables 16, 21, 22 and 23). Note that Table 14 which used to be called "Flatworm Mitochondrial" is now called "Alternative Flatworm Mitochondrial", and "Flatworm Mitochondrial" is now an alias for Table 9 ("Echinoderm Mitochondrial").

The restriction enzyme list in Bio.Restriction has been updated to the Nov 2009 release of REBASE.

The Bio.PDB parser and output code has been updated to understand the element column in ATOM and HETATM lines (based on patches contributed by Hongbo Zhu and Frederik Gwinner). Bio.PDB.PDBList has also been updated for recent changes to the PDB FTP site (Paul T. Bathen).

SQLite support was added for BioSQL databases (Brad Chapman), allowing access to BioSQL through a lightweight embedded SQL engine. Python 2.5+ includes support for SQLite built in, but on Python 2.4 the optional sqlite3 library must be installed to use this. We currently use a draft BioSQL on SQLite schema, which will be merged with the main BioSQL release for use in other projects.

Support for running Biopython under Jython (using the Java Virtual Machine) has been much improved thanks to input from Kyle Ellrott. Note that Jython does not support C code - this means NumPy isn't available, and nor are a selection of Biopython modules (including Bio.Cluster, Bio.PDB and BioSQL). Also, currently Jython does not parse DTD files, which means the XML parser in Bio.Entrez won't work. However, most of the Biopython modules seem fine from testing Jython 2.5.0 and 2.5.1.

(At least) 12 people contributed to this release, including 3 first timers:

Bartek Wilczynski
Brad Chapman
Chris Lasher
Cymon Cox
Frank Kauff
Frederik Gwinner (first contribution)
Hongbo Zhu (first contribution)
Kyle Ellrott
Leighton Pritchard
Michiel de Hoon
Paul Bathen (first contribution)
Peter Cock

September 22, 2009: Biopython 1.52 released.

The Population Genetics module now allows the calculation of several tests, and statistical estimators via a wrapper to GenePop. Supported are tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage disequilibrium and estimates for various F statistics (Cockerham and Wier Fst and Fis, Robertson and Hill Fis, etc), null allele frequencies and number of migrants among many others. Isolation By Distance (IBD) functionality is also supported.

New helper functions Bio.SeqIO.convert() and Bio.AlignIO.convert() allow an easier way to use Biopython for simple file format conversions. Additionally, these new functions allow Biopython to offer important file format specific optimisations (e.g. FASTQ to FASTA, and interconverting FASTQ variants).

New function Bio.SeqIO.index() allows indexing of most sequence file formats (but not alignment file formats), allowing dictionary like random access to all the entries in the file as SeqRecord objects, keyed on the record id. This is especially useful for very large sequencing files, where all the records cannot be held in memory at once. This supplements the more flexible but memory demanding Bio.SeqIO.to_dict() function.

Bio.SeqIO can now write "phd" format files (used by PHRED, PHRAD and CONSED), allowing interconversion with FASTQ files, or FASTA+QUAL files.

Bio.Emboss.Applications now includes wrappers for the "new" PHYLIP EMBASSY package (e.g. fneighbor) which replace the "old" PHYLIP EMBASSY package (e.g. eneighbor) whose Biopython wrappers are now obsolete.

See also the DEPRECATED file, as several old deprecated modules have finally been removed (e.g. Bio.EUtils which had been replaced by Bio.Entrez).

On a technical note, this will be the last release using CVS for source code control. Biopython is moving from CVS to git.

August 17, 2009: Biopython 1.51 released.

FASTQ support in Bio.SeqIO has been improved, extended and sped up since Biopython 1.50. Support for Illumina 1.3+ style FASTQ files was added in the 1.51 beta release. Furthermore, we now follow the interpretation agreed on the OBF mailing lists with EMBOSS, BioPerl, BioJava and BioRuby for inter- conversion and the valid score range for each FASTQ variant. This means Solexa FASTQ scores can be from -5 to 62 (format name "fastq-solexa" in Bio.SeqIO), Illumina 1.3+ FASTQ files have PHRED scores from 0 to 62 (format name "fastq-illumina"), and Sanger FASTQ files have PHRED scores from 0 to 93 (format name "fastq" or "fastq-sanger").

Bio.Sequencing.Phd has been updated, for example to cope with missing peak positions. The "phd" support in Bio.SeqIO has also been updated to record the PHRED qualities (and peak positions) in the SeqRecord's per-letter annotation. This allows conversion of PHD files into FASTQ or QUAL which may be useful for meta-assembly.

See the notes below for the Biopython 1.50 beta release for changes since Biopython 1.49 was released. This includes dropping support for Python 2.3, removing our deprecated parsing infrastructure (Martel and Bio.Mindy), and hence removing any dependence on mxTextTools.

Additionally, since the beta, a number of small bugs have been fixed, and there have been further additions to the test suite and documentation.

June 23, 2009: Biopython 1.51 beta released.

Biopython no longer supports Python 2.3. Currently we support Python 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6.

Our deprecated parsing infrastructure (Martel and Bio.Mindy) has been removed. This means Biopython no longer has any dependence on mxTextTools.

A few cosmetic issues in GenomeDiagram with arrow sigils and labels on circular diagrams have been fixed.

Bio.SeqIO will now write GenBank files with the feature table (previously omitted), and a couple of obscure errors parsing ambiguous locations have been fixed.

Bio.SeqIO can now read and write Illumina 1.3+ style FASTQ files (which use PHRED quality scores with an ASCII offset of 64) under the format name "fastq-illumina". Biopython 1.50 supported just "fastq" (the original Sanger style FASTQ files using PHRED scores with an ASCII offset of 33), and "fastq-solexa" (the original Solexa/Illumina FASTQ format variant holding Solexa scores with an ASCII offset of 64) .

For parsing the "swiss" format, Bio.SeqIO now uses the new Bio.SwissProt parser, making it about twice as fast as in Biopython 1.50, where the older now deprecated Bio.SwissProt.SProt was used. There should be no functional differences as a result of this change.

Our command line wrapper objects have been updated to support accessing parameters via python properties, and setting of parameters at initiation with keyword arguments. Additionally Cymon Cox has contributed several new multiple alignment wrappers under Bio.Align.Applications.

A few more issues with Biopython's BioSQL support have been fixed (mostly by Cymon Cox). In particular, the default PostgreSQL schema includes some rules intended for BioPerl support only, which were causing problems in Biopython (see BioSQL bug 2839).

There have also been additions to the tutorial, such as the new alignment wrappers, with a whole chapter for the SeqRecord object. We have also added to the unit test coverage.

April 20, 2009: Biopython 1.50 released.

See the notes below for the Biopython 1.50 beta release for more details, but the highlights are:

The SeqRecord supports slicing and per-letter-annotation
Bio.SeqIO can read and write FASTQ and QUAL files
Bio.Seq now has an UnknownSeq object
GenomeDiagram has been integrated into Biopython
New module Bio.Motif will later replace Bio.AlignAce and Bio.MEME
This will be the final release to support Python 2.3
This will be the final release with Martel and Bio.Mindy

Since the 1.50 beta release:

The NCBI's Entrez EFetch no longer supports rettype="genbank" and "gb" (or "gp") should be used instead.
Bio.SeqIO now supports "gb" as an alias for "genbank".
The Seq object now has string-like startswith and endswith methods
Bio.Blast.NCBIXML now has a read function for single record files
A few more unit tests were added
More documentation

April 3, 2009: Biopython 1.50 beta released.

The SeqRecord object has a new dictionary attribute, letter_annotations, which is for holding per-letter-annotation information like sequence quality scores or secondary structure predictions. As part of this work, the SeqRecord object can now be sliced to give a new SeqRecord covering just part of the sequence. This will slice the per-letter-annotation to match, and will also include any SeqFeature objects as appropriate.

Bio.SeqIO can now read and write FASTQ and QUAL quality files using PHRED quality scores (Sanger style, also used for Roche 454 sequencing), and FASTQ files using Solexa/Illumina quality scores.

The Bio.Seq module now has an UnknownSeq object, used for when we have a sequence of known length, but unknown content. This is used in parsing GenBank and EMBL files where the sequence may not be present (e.g. for a contig record) and when parsing QUAL files (which don't have the sequence)

GenomeDiagram by Leighton Pritchard has been integrated into Biopython as the Bio.Graphics.GenomeDiagram module If you use this code, please cite the publication Pritchard et al. (2006), Bioinformatics 22 616-617. Note that like Bio.Graphics, this requires the ReportLab python library.

A new module Bio.Motif has been added, which is intended to replace the existing Bio.AlignAce and Bio.MEME modules.

The set of NCBI DTD files included with Bio.Entrez has been updated with the revised files the NCBI introduced on 1 Jan 2009.

Minor fix to BioSQL for retrieving references and comments.

Bio.SwissProt has a new faster parser which will be replacing the older slower code in Bio.SwissProt.SProt (which we expect to deprecate in the next release).

We've also made some changes to our test framework, which is now given a whole chapter in the tutorial. This intended to help new developers or contributors wanting to improve our unit test coverage.

November 21, 2008: Biopython 1.49 released.

See the notes below for the Biopython 1.49 beta release for more details, but the highlights are:

Biopython has transitioned from Numeric to NumPy
Martel and Bio.Mindy are now deprecated

Since the 1.49 beta release:

A couple of NumPy issues have been resolved
Further small improvements to BioSQL
Bio.PopGen.SimCoal should now work on Windows
A few more unit tests were added

November 7, 2008: Biopython 1.49 beta released.

Biopython has transitioned from Numeric to NumPy. Please move to NumPy.

A number of small changes have been made to support Python 2.6 (mostly avoiding deprecated functionality), and further small changes have been made for better compatibility with Python 3 (this work is still ongoing). However, we intend to support Python 2.3 for only a couple more releases.

As part of the Numeric to NumPy migration, Bio.KDTree has been rewritten in C instead of C++ which therefore simplifies building Biopython from source.

Martel and Bio.Mindy are now considered to be deprecated, meaning mxTextTools is no longer required to use Biopython. See the DEPRECATED file for details of other deprecations.

The Seq object now supports more string like methods (gaining find, rfind, split, rsplit, strip, lstrip and rstrip in addition to previously supported methods like count). Also, biological methods transcribe, back_transcribe and translate have been added, joining the pre-existing reverse_complement and complement methods. Together these changes allow a more object orientated programming style using the Seq object.

The behaviour of the Bio.Seq module's translate function has changed so that ambiguous codons which could be a stop codon like "TAN" or "NNN" are now translated as "X" (consistent with EMBOSS and BioPerl - Biopython previously raised an exception), and a bug was fixed so that invalid codons (like "A-T") now raise an exception (previously these were translated as stop codons).

BioSQL had a few bugs fixed, and can now optionally fetch the NCBI taxonomy on demand when loading sequences (via Bio.Entrez) allowing you to populate the taxon/taxon_name tables gradually. This has been tested in combination with the BioSQL load_ncbi_taxonomy.pl script used to populate or update the taxon/taxon_name tables. BioSQL should also now work with the psycopg2 driver for PostgreSQL as well as the older psycopg driver.

The PDB and PopGen sections of the Tutorial have been promoted to full chapters, and a new chapter has been added on supervised learning methods like logistic regression. The "Cookbook" section now has a few graphical examples using Biopython to calculate sequence properties, and matplotlib (pylab) to plot them.

The input functions in Bio.SeqIO and Bio.AlignIO now accept an optional argument to specify the expected sequence alphabet.

The somewhat quirky unit test GUI has been removed, the unit tests are now run via the command line by default.

September 8, 2008: Biopython 1.48 released.

The SeqRecord and Alignment objects have a new method to format the object as a string in a requested file format (handled via Bio.SeqIO and Bio.AlignIO).

Additional file formats supported in Bio.SeqIO and Bio.AlignIO:

reading and writing "tab" format (simple tab separated)
writing "nexus" files.
reading "pir" files (NBRF/PIR)
basic support for writing "genbank" files (GenBank plain text)

Fixed some problems reading Clustal alignments (introduced in Biopython 1.46 when consolidating Bio.AlignIO and Bio.Clustalw).

Updates to the Bio.Sequencing parsers.

Bio.PubMed and the online code in Bio.GenBank are now considered obsolete, and we intend to deprecate them after the next release. For accessing PubMed and GenBank, please use Bio.Entrez instead.

Bio.Fasta is now considered to be obsolete, please use Bio.SeqIO instead. We do intend to deprecate this module eventually, however, for several years this was the primary FASTA parsing module in Biopython and is likely to be in use in many existing scripts.

Martel and Bio.Mindy are now considered to be obsolete, and are likely to be deprecated and removed in a future release.

In addition a number of other modules have been deprecated, including: Bio.MetaTool, Bio.EUtils, Bio.Saf, Bio.NBRF, and Bio.IntelliGenetics See the DEPRECATED file for full details.

July 5, 2008: Biopython 1.47 released.

Improved handling of ambiguous nucleotides in Bio.Seq.Translate(). Better handling of stop codons in the alphabet from a translation. Fixed some codon tables (problem introduced in Biopython 1.46).

Updated Nexus file handling.

Fixed a bug in Bio.Cluster potentially causing segfaults in the single-linkage hierarchical clustering library.

Added some DTDs to be able to parse EFetch results from the nucleotide database.

Added IntelliGenetics/MASE parsing to Bio.SeqIO (as the "ig" format).

June 29, 2008: Biopython 1.46 released.

Bio.Entrez now has several Entrez format XML parsers, and a chapter in the tutorial.

Addition of new Bio.AlignIO module for working with sequence alignments in the style introduced with Bio.SeqIO in recent releases, with a whole chapter in the tutorial.

A problem parsing certain EMBL files was fixed.

Several minor fixes were made to the NCBI BLAST XML parser, including support for the online version 2.2.18+ introduced in May 2008.

The NCBIWWW.qblast() function now allows other programs (blastx, tblastn, tblastx) in addition to just blastn and blastp.

Bio.EUtils has been updated to explicitly enforce the NCBI's rule of at most one query every 3 seconds, rather than assuming the user would obey this.

Iterators in Bio.Medline, Bio.SCOP, Bio.Prosite, Bio.Prosite.Prodoc, Bio.SwissProt, and others to make them more generally usable.

Phylip export added to Bio.Nexus.

Improved handling of ambiguous nucleotides and stop codons in Bio.Seq.Translate (plus introduced a regression fixed in Biopython 1.47).

March 22, 2008: Biopython 1.45 released.

The Seq and MutableSeq objects act more like python strings, in particular str(object) now returns the full sequence as a plain string. The existing tostring() method is preserved for backwards compatibility.

BioSQL has had some bugs fixed, and has an additional unit test which loads records into a database using Bio.SeqIO and then checks the records can be retrieved correctly. The DBSeq and DBSeqRecord classes now subclass the Seq and SeqRecord classes, which provides more functionality.

The modules under Bio.WWW are being deprecated. Functionality in Bio.WWW.NCBI, Bio.WWW.SCOP, Bio.WWW.InterPro and Bio.WWW.ExPASy is now available from Bio.Entrez, Bio.SCOP, Bio.InterPro and Bio.ExPASy instead. Bio.Entrez was used to fix a nasty bug in Bio.GenBank.

Tiago Antao has included more functionality in the Population Genetics module, Bio.PopGen.

The Bio.Cluster module has been updated to be more consistent with other Biopython code.

The tutorial has been updated, including devoting a whole chapter to Swiss-Prot, Prosite, Prodoc, and ExPASy. There is also a new chapter on Bio.Entrez.

Bio.biblio was deprecated.

October 28, 2007: Biopython 1.44 released.

NOTE: This release includes some rather drastic code changes, which were necessary to get Biopython to work with the new release of mxTextTools.

The (reverse)complement functions in Bio.Seq support ambiguous nucleotides.

Bio.Kabat, which was previously deprecated, is now removed from Biopython.

Bio.MarkupEditor was deprecated, as it does not appear to have any users.

Bio.Blast.NCBI.qblast() updated with more URL options, thanks to a patch from Chang Soon Ong.

Several fixes to the Blast parser.

The deprecated Bio.Blast.NCBIWWW functions blast and blasturl were removed.

The standalone Blast functions blastall, blastpgp now create XML output by default.

Bio.SeqIO.FASTA and Bio.SeqIO.generic have been deprecated in favour of the new Bio.SeqIO module.

Bio.FormatIO has been removed (a gradual deprecation was not possible). Please look at Bio.SeqIO for sequence input/output instead.

Fix for a bug in Bio.Cluster, which caused kcluster() to hang on some platforms.

Bio.expressions has been deprecated.

Bio.SeqUtils.CheckSum created, including new methods from Sebastian Bassi, and functions crc32 and crc64 which were moved from Bio/crc.py. Bio.crc is now deprecated. Bio.lcc was updated and moved to Bio.SeqUtils.lcc.

Bio.SwissProt parser updated to cope with recent file format updates.

Bio.Fasta, Bio.KEGG and Bio.Geo updated to pure python parsers which don't rely on Martel.

Numerous fixes in the Genbank parser.

Several fixes in Bio.Nexus.

Bio.MultiProc and Bio.Medline.NLMMedlineXML were deprecating, as they failed on some platforms, and seemed to have no users. Deprecated concurrent behavior in Bio.config.DBRegistry and timeouts in Bio.dbdefs.swissprot, which relies on Bio.MultiProc.

Tiago Antao has started work on a Population Genetics module, Bio.PopGen

Updates to the tutorial, including giving Bio.Seq and Bio.SeqIO a whole chapter each.

March 17, 2007: Biopython 1.43 released.

New Bio.SeqIO module for reading and writing biological sequence files in various formats, based on SeqRecord objects. This includes a new fasta parser which is much faster than Bio.Fasta, particularly for larger files. Easier to use, too.

Various improvements in Bio.SeqRecord.

Running Blast using Bio.Blast.NCBIStandalone now generates output in XML format by default. The new function Bio.Blast.NCBIXML.parse can parse multiple Blast records in XML format.

Bio.Cluster no longer uses ranlib, but uses its own random number generator instead. Some modifications to make Bio.Cluster more compatible with the new NumPy (we're not quite there yet though).

New Bio.UniGene parser.

Numerous improvements in Bio.PDB.

Bug fixes in Bio.SwissProt, BioSQL, Bio.Nexus, and other modules.

Faster parsing of large GenBank files.

New EMBL parser under Bio.GenBank and also integrated into (new) Bio.SeqIO

Compilation of KDTree (C++ code) is optional (setup.py asks the user if it should be compiled). For the Windows installer, C++ code is now included.

Nominating Bio.Kabat for removal.

Believe it or not, even the documentation was updated.

July 16, 2006: Biopython 1.42 released.

Bio.GenBank: New parser by Peter, which doesn't rely on Martel.

Numerous updates in Bio.Nexus and Bio.Geo.

Bio.Cluster became (somewhat) object-oriented.

Lots of bug fixes, and updates to the documentation.

October 28, 2005: Biopython 1.41 released.

Major changes:

NEW: Bio.MEME -- thanks to Jason Hackney

Added transcribe, translate, and reverse_complement functions to Bio.Seq that work both on Seq objects and plain strings.

Major code optimization in cpairwise2module.

CompareACE support added to AlignAce.

Updates to Blast parsers in Bio.Blast, in particular use of the XML parser in NCBIXML contributed by Bertrand Frottier, and the BLAT parser by Yair Benita.

Pairwise single-linkage hierarchical clustering in Bio.Cluster became much faster and memory-efficient, allowing clustering of large data sets.

Bio.Emboss: Added command lines for einverted and palindrome.

Bio.Nexus: Added support for StringIO objects.

Numerous updates in Bio.PDB.

Lots of fixes in the documentation.

March 29, 2005: MEME parser added. Thanks to Jason Hackney

Feb 18, 2005: Biopython 1.40 beta

Major Changes since v1.30. For a full list of changes please see the CVS

IMPORTANT: Biopython now works with Python version >= 2.3

NEW: Bio.Nexus -- thanks to Frank Kauff Bio.Nexus is a Nexus file parser. Nexus is a common format for phylogenetic trees.

NEW: CAPS module -- Thanks to Jonathan Taylor.

NEW: Restriction enzyme package contributed by Frederic Sohm. This includes classes for manipulating enzymes, updating from Rebase, as well as documentation and Tests.

CHANGED: Bio.PDB -- thanks to Thomas Hamelryck.

Added atom serial number.
Epydoc style documentation.
Added secondary structure support (through DSSP).
Added Accessible Surface Area support (through DSSP).
Added Residue Depth support (through MSMS).
Added Half Sphere Exposure.
Added Fragment classification of the protein backbone (see Kolodny et al.,
JMB, 2002).
Corrected problem on Windows with PDBList (thanks to Matt Dimmic)
Added StructureAlignment module to superimpose structures based on a FASTA sequence alignment.
Various additions to Polypeptide.
Various bug corrections in Vector.
Lots of smaller bug corrections and additional features

CHANGED: MutableSeq -- thanks to Michiel De Hoon Added the functions 'complement' and 'reverse_complement' to Bio.Seq's Seq and MutableSeq objects. Similar functions previously existed in various locations in BioPython:

forward_complement, reverse_complement in Bio.GFF.easy
complement, antiparallel in Bio.SeqUtils

These functions have now been deprecated, and will issue a DeprecationWarning when used. The functions complement and reverse_complement, when applied to a Seq object, will return a new Seq object. The same function applied to a MutableSeq object will modify the MutableSeq object itself, and don't return anything.

May 14, 2004: Biopython 1.30

Affy package added for dealing with Affymetrix cel files -- thanks to Harry Zuzan.
Added code for parsing Blast XML output -- thanks to Bertrand Frottier.
Added code for parsing Compass output -- thanks to James Casbon.
New melting temperature calculation module -- thanks to Sebastian Bassi.
Added lowess function for non-parameteric regression -- thanks to Michiel.
Reduced protein alphabet supported added -- thanks to Iddo.
Added documentation for Logistic Regression and Bio.PDB -- thanks to Michiel and Thomas.
Documentation added for converting between file formats.
Updates to install documentation for non-root users -- thanks to Jakob Fredslund.
epydoc now used for automatic generation of documentation.
Fasta parser updated to use Martel for parsing and indexing, allowing better speed and dealing with large data files.
Updated to Registry code. Now 'from Bio import db' gives you a number of new retrieval options, including embl, fasta, genbak, interpro, prodoc and swissprot.
GenBank parser uses new Martel format. GenBank retrieval now uses EUtils instead of the old non-working entrez scripts. GenBank indexing uses standard Mindy indexing. Fix for valueless qualifiers in feature keys -- thanks to Leighton Pritchard.
Numerous updated to Bio.PDB modules -- thanks to Thomas. PDB can now parse headers -- thanks to Kristian Rother.
Updates to the Ace parser -- thanks to Frank Kauff and Leighton Pritchard.
Added pgdb (PyGreSQL) support to BioSQL -- thanks to Marc Colosimo.
Fix problems with using py2exe and Biopython -- thanks to Michael Cariaso.
PSIBlast parser fixes -- thanks to Jer-Yee John Chuang and James Casbon.
Fix to NCBIWWW retrieval so that HTML results are returned correctly.
Fix to Clustalw to handle question marks in title names -- thanks to Ashleigh Smythe.
Fix to NBRF parsing to it accepts files produced by Clustalw -- thanks to Ashleigh Smythe.
Fixes to the Enyzme module -- thanks to Marc Colosimo.
Fix for bugs in SeqUtils -- thanks to Frank Kauff.
Fix for optional hsps in ncbiblast Martel format -- thanks to Heiko.
Fix to Fasta parsing to allow # comment lines -- thanks to Karl Diedrich.
Updates to the C clustering library -- thanks to Michiel.
Fixes for breakage in the SCOP module and addition of regression tests to framework -- thanks to Gavin.
Various fixes to Bio.Wise -- thanks to Michael.
Fix for bug in FastaReader -- thanks to Micheal.
Fix EUtils bug where efetch would only return 500 sequences.
Updates for Emboss commandlines, water and tranalign.
Fixes to the FormatIO system of file conversion.
C++ code (KDTree, Affy) now compiled by default on most platforms -- thanks to Michael for some nice distutils hacks and many people for testing.
Deprecated Bio.sequtils -- use Bio.SeqUtils instead.
Deprecated Bio.SVM -- use libsvm instead.
Deprecated Bio.kMeans and Bio.xkMeans -- use Bio.cluster instead.
Deprecated RecordFile -- doesn't appear to be finished code.

Feb 16, 2004: Biopython 1.24

New parsers for Phred and Ace format files -- thanks to Frank Kauff
New Code for dealing with NMR data -- thanks to Bob Bussell
New SeqUtils modules for codon usage, isoelectric points and other protein properties -- thanks to Yair Benita
New code for dealing with Wise contributed by Michael
EZ-Retrieve sequence retrieval now supported thanks to Jeff
Bio.Cluster updated along with documentation by Michiel
BioSQL fixed so it now works with the current SQL schema -- thanks to Yves Bastide for patches
Patches to Bio/__init__ to make it compatible with py2exe -- thanks to Leighton Pritchard
Added __iter__ to all Biopython Iterators to make them Python 2.2 compatible
Fixes to NCBIWWW for retrieving from NCBI -- thanks to Chris Wroe
Retrieval of multiple alignment objects from BLAST records -- thanks to James Casbon
Fixes to GenBank format for new tags by Peter
Parsing fixes in clustalw parsed -- thanks to Greg Singer and Iddo
Fasta Indexes can have a specified filename -- thanks to Chunlei Wu
Fix to Prosite parser -- thanks to Mike Liang
Fix in GenBank parsing -- mRNAs now get strand information

Oct 18, 2003: Biopython 1.23

Fixed distribution of files in Bio/Cluster
Now distributing Bio/KDTree/_KDTree.swig.C
minor updates in installation code
added mmCIF support for PDB files

Oct 9, 2003: Biopython 1.22

Added Peter Slicker's patches for speeding up modules under Python 2.3
Fixed Martel installation.
Does not install Bio.Cluster without Numeric.
Distribute EUtils DTDs.
Yves Bastide patched NCBIStandalone.Iterator to be Python 2.0 iterator
Ashleigh's string coercion fixes in Clustalw.
Yair Benita added precision to the protein molecular weights.
Bartek updated AlignAce.Parser and added Motif.sim method
bug fixes in Michiel De Hoon's clustering library
Iddo's bug fixes to Bio.Enzyme and new RecordConsumer
Guido Draheim added patches for fixing import path to xbb scripts
regression tests updated to be Python 2.3 compatible
GenBank.NCBIDictionary is smarter about guessing the format

Jul 28, 2003: Biopython 1.21

Martel added back into the released package
new AlignACE module by Bartek Wilczynski
Andreas Kuntzagk fix for GenBank Iterator on empty files

Jul 27, 2003: Biopython 1.20

added Andrew Dalke's EUtils library
added Michiel de Hoon's gene expression analysis package
updates to setup code, now smarter about dependencies
updates to test suite, now smarter about code that is imported
Michael Hoffman's fixes to DocSQL
syntax fixes in triemodule.c to compile on SGI, Python 2.1 compatible
updates in NCBIStandalone, short query error
Sebastian Bassi submitted code to calculate LCC complexity
Greg Kettler's NCBIStandalone fix for long query lengths
slew of miscellaneous fixes from George Paci
miscellaneous cleanups and updates from Andreas Kuntzagk
Peter Bienstman's fixes to Genbank code -- now parses whole database
Kayte Lindner's LocusLink package
miscellaneous speedups and code cleanup in ParserSupport by Brad Chapman
miscellaneous BLAST fixes and updates
Iddo added new code to parse BLAST table output format
Karl Diedrich's patch to read T_Coffee files
Larry Heisler's fix for primer3 output
Bio.Medline now uses proper iterator objects
copen now handles SIGTERM correctly
small bugfixes and updates in Thomas Hamelryck's PDB package
bugfixes and updates to SeqIO.FASTA reader
updates to Registry system, conforms to 2003 hackathon OBDA spec
Yu Huang patch to support tblastn in wublast expression

Dec 17, 2002: Biopython 1.10

Python requirement bumped up to 2.2
hierarchy reorg, many things moved upwards into Bio namespace
pairwise2 replaces fastpairwise and pairwise
removed deprecated Sequence.py package
minor bug fix in File.SGMLStripper
added Scripts/debug/debug_blast_parser.py to diagnose blast parsing errors
IPI supported by SwissProt/SProt.py parser
large speedup for kmeans
new registry framework for generic access to databases and parsers
small bug fix in stringfns.split
scripts that access NCBI moved over to new EUtils system
new crc module
biblio.py supports the EBI Bibliographic database
new CDD parser
new Ndb parser
new ECell parser
new Geo parser
access to GFF databases
new KDTree data structure
new LocusLink parser
new MarkovModel algorithm
new Saf parser
miscellaneous sequence handling functions in sequtils
new SVDSuperimpose algorithm

Dec 18, 2001: Biopython1.00a4

minor bug fix in NCBIStandalone.blastall
optimization in dynamic programming code
new modules for logistic regression and maximum entropy
minor bug fix in ParserSupport
minor bug fixes in SCOP package
minor updates in the kMeans cluster selection code
minor bug fixes in SubsMat code
support for XML-formatted MEDLINE files
added MultiProc.run to simplify splitting code across processors
listfns.items now supports lists with unhashable items
new data type for pathways
new support for intelligenetics format
new support for metatool format
new support for NBRF format
new support for generalized launching of applications
new support for genetic algorithms
minor bug fixes in GenBank parsing
new support for Primer in the Emboss package
new support for chromosome graphics
new support for HMMs
new support for NeuralNetwork
slew of Martel fixes (see Martel docs)

Sept 3, 2001: Biopython1.00a3

added package to support KEGG
added sequtils module for computations on sequences
added pairwise sequence alignment algorithm
major bug fixes in UndoHandle
format updates in PubMed
Tk interface to kMeans clustering

July 5, 2001: Biopython1.00a2

deprecated old regression testing frameworks
deprecated Sequence.py
Swiss-Prot parser bug fixes
GenBank parser bug fixes
Can now output GenBank format
can now download many sequences at a time from GenBank
kMeans clustering algorithm
Kabat format now supported
FSSP format now supported
more functionality for alignment code
SubsMat bug fixes and updates
fixed memory leak in listfns bug fixes
Martel bundled and part of the install procedure
Medline.Parser bug fixes
PubMed.download_many handles broken IDs better

Mar 3, 2001: Biopython 1.00a1

Refactoring of modules. X/X.py moved to X/__init__.py.
Can search sequences for Prosite patterns at ExPASy
Can do BLAST searches against stable URL at NCBI
Prosite Pattern bug fixes
GenBank parser
Complete Seq and SeqFeatures framework
distutils cleanup
compile warning cleanups
support for UniGene
code for working with substitution matrices
Tools.MultiProc package for rudimentary multiprocessing stuff

Nov 10, 2000: Biopython 0.90d04

Added support for multiple alignments, ClustalW
BLAST updates, bug fixes, and BlastErrorParser
Fixes for PSI-BLAST in master-slave mode
Minor update in stringfns, split separators can be negated
Added download_many function to PubMed
xbbtools updates
Prodoc parser now accepts a copyright at the end of a record
Swiss-Prot parser now handles taxonomy ID tag

Sept 6, 2000: Biopython 0.90d03

Blast updates:
- bug fixes in NCBIStandalone, NCBIWWW
- some __str__ methods in Record.py implemented (incomplete)
Tests:
- new BLAST regression tests
- prosite tests fixed
New parsers for Rebase, Gobase
pure python implementation of C-based tools
Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten's xbbtools
can now generate documentation from docstrings using HappyDoc

Aug17-18, 2000: Bioinformatics Open Source Conference 2000

We had a very good Birds-of-a-Feather meeting: https://mailman.open-bio.org/pipermail/biopython/2000-August/000360.html

Aug 2, 2000: Biopython 0.90d02 is released.

Blast updates: - now works with v2.0.14 - HSP.identities and HSP.positives now tuples - HSP.gaps added
SCOP updates: - Lin.Iterator now works with release 50
Starting a tutorial
New regression tests for Prodoc

July 6, 2000: Biopython 0.90d01 is released.

February 8, 2000: Anonymous CVS made available.

August 1999: Biopython project founded.

Call for Participation sent out to relevant mailing lists, news groups.

The Biopython Project (https://www.biopython.org/) is a new open collaborative effort to develop freely available Python libraries and applications that address the needs of current and future work in bioinformatics, including sequence analysis, structural biology, pathways, expression data, etc. When available, the source code will be released as open source (https://github.com/biopython/biopython/blob/9c4785fc9eaf8a3bc436c6c0b16e7a05019cade1/LICENSE) under terms similar to Python.

This is a Call for Participation for interested people to join the project. We are hoping to attract people from a diverse set of backgrounds to help with code development, site maintenance, scientific discussion, etc. This project is open to everyone. If you're interested, please visit the web page, join the biopython mailing list, and let us know what you think!

Jeffrey Chang <jchang@smi.stanford.edu> Andrew Dalke <dalke@bioreason.com>

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