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Returns a reference to the last element in the vector.
Unlike member vector::end, which returns an iterator just past this element, this function returns a direct reference.
Calling this function on an empty container causes undefined behavior.
If the vector object is const-qualified, the function returns a const_reference. Otherwise, it returns a reference.
Member types reference and const_reference are the reference types to the elements of the vector (see member types).
Output:
The reference returned can be used to access or modify elements. Concurrently accessing or modifying different elements is safe.
Otherwise, it causes undefined behavior.
Reference
C library:
- <cassert> (assert.h)
- <cctype> (ctype.h)
- <cerrno> (errno.h)
-
<cfenv> (fenv.h)C++11
- <cfloat> (float.h)
-
<cinttypes> (inttypes.h)C++11
- <ciso646> (iso646.h)
- <climits> (limits.h)
- <clocale> (locale.h)
- <cmath> (math.h)
- <csetjmp> (setjmp.h)
- <csignal> (signal.h)
- <cstdarg> (stdarg.h)
-
<cstdbool> (stdbool.h)C++11
- <cstddef> (stddef.h)
-
<cstdint> (stdint.h)C++11
- <cstdio> (stdio.h)
- <cstdlib> (stdlib.h)
- <cstring> (string.h)
-
<ctgmath> (tgmath.h)C++11
- <ctime> (time.h)
-
<cuchar> (uchar.h)C++11
- <cwchar> (wchar.h)
- <cwctype> (wctype.h)
Containers:
-
<array>C++11
- <deque>
-
<forward_list>C++11
- <list>
- <map>
- <queue>
- <set>
- <stack>
-
<unordered_map>C++11
-
<unordered_set>C++11
- <vector>
-
Input/Output:
Multi-threading:
-
<atomic>C++11
-
<condition_variable>C++11
-
<future>C++11
-
<mutex>C++11
-
<thread>C++11
-
Other:
- <algorithm>
- <bitset>
-
<chrono>C++11
-
<codecvt>C++11
- <complex>
- <exception>
- <functional>
-
<initializer_list>C++11
- <iterator>
- <limits>
- <locale>
- <memory>
- <new>
- <numeric>
-
<random>C++11
-
<ratio>C++11
-
<regex>C++11
- <stdexcept>
- <string>
-
<system_error>C++11
-
<tuple>C++11
-
<type_traits>C++11
-
<typeindex>C++11
- <typeinfo>
- <utility>
- <valarray>
vector
- vector::~vector
- vector::vector
member functions
- vector::assign
- vector::at
- vector::back
- vector::begin
- vector::capacity
-
vector::cbeginC++11
-
vector::cendC++11
- vector::clear
-
vector::crbeginC++11
-
vector::crendC++11
-
vector::dataC++11
-
vector::emplaceC++11
-
vector::emplace_backC++11
- vector::empty
- vector::end
- vector::erase
- vector::front
- vector::get_allocator
- vector::insert
- vector::max_size
- vector::operator[]
- vector::operator=
- vector::pop_back
- vector::push_back
- vector::rbegin
- vector::rend
- vector::reserve
- vector::resize
-
vector::shrink_to_fitC++11
- vector::size
- vector::swap
non-member overloads
public member function
<vector>
std::vector::back
reference back();const_reference back() const;
Access last element
Unlike member vector::end, which returns an iterator just past this element, this function returns a direct reference.
Calling this function on an empty container causes undefined behavior.
Parameters
noneReturn value
A reference to the last element in the vector.If the vector object is const-qualified, the function returns a const_reference. Otherwise, it returns a reference.
Member types reference and const_reference are the reference types to the elements of the vector (see member types).
Example
|
|
Output:
myvector contains: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 |
Complexity
Constant.Iterator validity
No changes.Data races
The container is accessed (neither the const nor the non-const versions modify the container).The reference returned can be used to access or modify elements. Concurrently accessing or modifying different elements is safe.
Exception safety
If the container is not empty, the function never throws exceptions (no-throw guarantee).Otherwise, it causes undefined behavior.
See also
- vector::front
- Access first element (public member function)
- vector::at
- Access element (public member function)
- vector::operator[]
- Access element (public member function)
- vector::push_back
- Add element at the end (public member function)
- vector::pop_back
- Delete last element (public member function)
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© cplusplus.com, 2000-2025 - All rights reserved - v3.3.4s
Spotted an error? contact us