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Returns a reference to the last element in the array container.
Unlike member array::end, which returns an iterator just past this element, this function returns a direct reference.
Calling this function on an empty container causes undefined behavior.
If the array object is const-qualified, the function returns a const_reference. Otherwise, it returns a reference.
Member types reference and const_reference are the reference types to the elements of the array (see array member types).
Output:
Otherwise, it causes undefined behavior.
Reference
C library:
- <cassert> (assert.h)
- <cctype> (ctype.h)
- <cerrno> (errno.h)
-
<cfenv> (fenv.h)C++11
- <cfloat> (float.h)
-
<cinttypes> (inttypes.h)C++11
- <ciso646> (iso646.h)
- <climits> (limits.h)
- <clocale> (locale.h)
- <cmath> (math.h)
- <csetjmp> (setjmp.h)
- <csignal> (signal.h)
- <cstdarg> (stdarg.h)
-
<cstdbool> (stdbool.h)C++11
- <cstddef> (stddef.h)
-
<cstdint> (stdint.h)C++11
- <cstdio> (stdio.h)
- <cstdlib> (stdlib.h)
- <cstring> (string.h)
-
<ctgmath> (tgmath.h)C++11
- <ctime> (time.h)
-
<cuchar> (uchar.h)C++11
- <cwchar> (wchar.h)
- <cwctype> (wctype.h)
Containers:
-
<array>C++11
- <deque>
-
<forward_list>C++11
- <list>
- <map>
- <queue>
- <set>
- <stack>
-
<unordered_map>C++11
-
<unordered_set>C++11
- <vector>
-
Input/Output:
Multi-threading:
-
<atomic>C++11
-
<condition_variable>C++11
-
<future>C++11
-
<mutex>C++11
-
<thread>C++11
-
Other:
- <algorithm>
- <bitset>
-
<chrono>C++11
-
<codecvt>C++11
- <complex>
- <exception>
- <functional>
-
<initializer_list>C++11
- <iterator>
- <limits>
- <locale>
- <memory>
- <new>
- <numeric>
-
<random>C++11
-
<ratio>C++11
-
<regex>C++11
- <stdexcept>
- <string>
-
<system_error>C++11
-
<tuple>C++11
-
<type_traits>C++11
-
<typeindex>C++11
- <typeinfo>
- <utility>
- <valarray>
array
-
array::arrayC++11
member functions
-
array::atC++11
-
array::backC++11
-
array::beginC++11
-
array::cbeginC++11
-
array::cendC++11
-
array::crbeginC++11
-
array::crendC++11
-
array::dataC++11
-
array::emptyC++11
-
array::endC++11
-
array::fillC++11
-
array::frontC++11
-
array::max_sizeC++11
-
array::operator[]C++11
-
array::rbeginC++11
-
array::rendC++11
-
array::sizeC++11
-
array::swapC++11
-
non-member overloads
-
get (array)C++11
-
relational operators (array)C++11
-
non-member specializations
-
tuple_element<array>C++11
-
tuple_size<array>C++11
-
public member function
<array>
std::array::back
reference back();const_reference back() const;
Access last element
Unlike member array::end, which returns an iterator just past this element, this function returns a direct reference.
Calling this function on an empty container causes undefined behavior.
Parameters
noneReturn value
A reference to the last element in the array.If the array object is const-qualified, the function returns a const_reference. Otherwise, it returns a reference.
Member types reference and const_reference are the reference types to the elements of the array (see array member types).
Example
|
|
Output:
front is: 5 back is: 77 myarray now contains: 5 19 50 |
Complexity
Constant.Iterator validity
No changes.Data races
The reference returned can be used to access or modify elements. Concurrently accessing or modifying different elements is safe.Exception safety
If the container is not empty, the function never throws exceptions (no-throw guarantee).Otherwise, it causes undefined behavior.
See also
- array::front
- Access first element (public member function)
- array::at
- Access element (public member function)
- array::operator[]
- Access element (public member function)
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Spotted an error? contact us